The Holiness movement emphasizes a doctrine of sanctification as a post-conversion experience, often called a second blessing. Born out of pietism and revivalism, some Holiness may accept divine healing and the Pentecostal experience of speaking in tongues, but without the same kind of emphasis as the Pentecostal bodies. Baptists who have embraced the second work of grace have founded their own denominations, such as the Holiness Baptist Association and Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God.
Pentecostalism emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Ghost, accompanied by speaking in tongues. Pentecostals commonly agree on seeking and having an experience with the Holy Spirit similar to the one experienced on the day of Pentecost. Usually, though perhaps not always, they believe that speaking in tongues signifies the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost. Baptists who have embraced tongues as the evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost have founded their own denominations, such as the Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church. It appears that in some cases groups moved from first accepting the Holiness doctrine to also embracing the Pentecostal doctrine.
All
of the bodies included below either use (or used) Baptist in their names,
and/or withdrew from or were excluded from Baptist bodies. Bethel Ministerial
Association at one time identified as “Baptist” in its organizational name, but
otherwise are not Baptist historically.[i]
Most of these groups do not consider themselves Baptists in the way most people think
of Baptists. They usually look to other Holiness and Pentecostal bodies for
their fellowship, rather than to Baptists (if they maintain fellowship outside
their own ranks). It is difficult to obtain current information on some of the
smaller bodies, but all the groups below are presumed to still exist as Holiness
and Pentecostal “Baptists.” First listed is the group name with a link to more information, followed by the location of their headquarters (if known) or the general location of the churches (if known), ending with the date of their organization as an autonomous body (if known).
Holiness “Baptists
1.1 Calvary Holiness Association, Broxton, Georgia (org. 1977)
1.2 Christian Baptist Church of God, Wheelersburg, Ohio (org. 1931)
1.3 Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A., Jackson, Mississippi (org. 1920)
1.4 Evangelical Free Baptist Church, Addison, Illinois (org. 1978) [ii]
1.5 Full Gospel Baptist Fellowship International, Atlanta, Georgia (org. 1994)
1.6 General Conference of the Evangelical Baptist Church, Inc., Also Here, Tucson, Arizona (org. 1935) [iii]
1.7 Holiness Baptist Association of Georgia and Florida, Also Here, and Here (org. 1894)
1.8 Holy Church of Christ, Alabama and Mississippi [iv]
Pentecostal “Baptists”
1.1
Baptist Purity Association, Salem, Florida (org. 1934) [v]
1.2 Bethel Ministerial Association, Floyds Knobs, Indiana (org. 1934) [vi]
1.3 Church of God General Assembly (org. 1914)
1.4 Church of God Mountain Assembly, Inc., Jellico, Tennessee (org. 1907) [vii]
1.5 Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly (org. 1946)
1.6 Church of God of the Union Assembly, Dalton, Georgia (org. 1920)
1.7 Free Will Baptist Pentecostal Faith Conference, Also Here, Turbeville, South Carolina (org. 1961)
1.8 Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church, Dunn, North Carolina (org. 1959)
1.9 Trent River Free Will Holiness Association, Inc. Clinton, North Carolina (org. 1946) [viii]
1.10 Unaffiliated Free Will Baptist Holiness Churches [ix]
[ii] Organized in DuPage County, Illinois in 1978 by churches that withdrew from the Southern Baptist Convention.
[iii] Organized in 1935 as the Church of the Full Gospel, Inc, by members of several Free Will Baptist churches, under the leadership of William Howard Carter.
[iv] This body has Methodist and Baptist roots, tending toward Wesleyan holiness, but possibly not technically a Holiness denomination. The Holy Church of Christ churches are located in Northwest Alabama and Northeast Mississippi. The original churches have origins in the Baptists, churches of Christ, and Methodist churches. They tend toward “old time” worship, practicing immersion baptism, extemporaneous preaching, open communion, and feet washing. The articles of faith do not address spiritual gifts. They are largely unknown to academic and historical church research. More research needs to be done for their more certain and accurate classification.
[v] The Baptist Purity Association, under the leadership of Luther Turner, was formed from the Holiness Baptist Association over the issue of using water rather than wine or juice in communion. More Pentecostal than their parent body, the Baptist Purity Association emphasizes divine healing and tongues as the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost. See also Sawdust Trail, Ida Turner Guitterez, 1987.
[vi] Organized circa 1934 as the Apostolic Bible Conference, under the leadership of Albert Franklin Varnell. Varnell attended the Azusa Street revivals. The name of the group was changed to Evangelistic Ministerial Council, then in 1958 to Bethel Baptist Assembly, in hopes the organization might appeal to Baptists. This group shares with Baptists the doctrine of believer’s baptism by immersion – and temporarily shared the name Baptist – but apparently has never been affiliated with any other Baptist denomination.
[vii] Organized in 1907 by ministers and churches excluded from the South Union Association of United Baptists because of doctrinal differences.
[viii] This group appears to have Free Will Baptist roots, but they may not have come directly from them. More research needs to be done on this body.
[ix] Pentecostal Holiness churches or groups not affiliated with others in the listing.
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