Reverse engineering a Greek text

• reverse engineer. To examine or analyze in detail to discover the concepts involved in creating something, usually in order to produce something similar.
• back translate. To translate a previously translated document or text back to its source language.

These two terms above are often used to describe a misconception some people have concerning the creation of The New Testament in the Original Greek compiled by F. H. A. Scrivener in 1881.

Reverse engineered is preferable to back translated for this description. The term “reverse engineered” means or can mean something different than “back translated” – and perhaps is understood differently by some people discussing the subject. However, the average person talking about the King James Bible means basically the same thing when using these terms. People have a misconception of the relationship of the Scrivener TR and the KJV. For that reason, the use of “reverse engineered” is still likely to be misunderstood and confusing. It is somewhat problematic to try to come up with a simple terminology that would acceptably and accurately represent the relationship of the Scrivener Greek New Testament and the King James English translation, since the idea has been corrupted in the minds of many people (sometimes deliberately so, and add to that the acrimony often fueled by such discussions). The title given by Scrivener and/or Cambridge is: “The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorised Version…”

Reverse engineered may in fact be apt and accurate if what the person means by it is apt and accurate. Nevertheless, the number of people who regularly and consistently use “back translated” and “reverse engineered” to mean the same thing makes it problematic. Ultimately, people will often spend more time explaining what they mean by the term than they will spend if they start out with “the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorized Version” and then describe and explain what F. H. A. Scrivener did. (Not that we can solve everyone’s inability or refusal to understand.)

Even someone so reasonable as Dwayne Green puts “back translated” and “reverse engineered” in “almost” the same category in his video “Why Scrivener Reverse Engineered the Textus Receptus.” “So the 1881 text of the Textus Receptus has actually been sort of – I don’t want to say back translated but you could almost say back translated from the King James Version.” (At about 25 seconds into the video). Interestingly, according to the transcript (if accurate) Dwayne actually used “reverse engineered” only once in his lesson, and used “back translated” three times. Back translated is used both in the introduction and the conclusion. (I am not saying that Dwayne did not explain it properly in the video, but am using the video as an example of why I even avoid “reverse engineered.” Even in the end of it he says, “I’d always wondered about what he was doing when he back translated the King James Version into the Textus Receptus…” I would wonder, if he had it to do over again, if Dwayne might approach that differently. The fact that Dwayne made another video clarifying his position strengthens the point I am trying to make.)

To conclude – the popular idea is that F. H. A. Scrivener took the Authorised King James Bible translation in English and translated those words back into Greek. That is a misrepresentation, whether in ignorance or deliberate.

In his “Preface,” F. H. A. Scrivener wrote:

“One of the Rules laid down for the guidance of the Revisers by a Committee appointed by the Convocation of Canterbury was to the effect ‘that, when the Text adopted differs from that from which the Authorised Version was made, the alteration be indicated in the margin.’ As it was found that a literal observance of this direction would often crowd and obscure the margin of the Revised Version, the Revisers judged that its purpose might be better carried out in another manner.” (Part of this “another manner,” was to compile and print “the text followed in the Authorized Version.”)

Here are the facts. The translators commissioned by King James created an English translation. They did not create a Greek translation to match their English translation. F. H. A. Scrivener was given the task of compiling a Greek text that would contain the Greek Textus Receptus readings used by the translators. The translators did not use one single Greek edition, but primarily used the 1598 Theodore Beza Greek New Testament. Therefore, Scrivener started with Beza’s 1598 Greek edition as a base text, then carefully identified places where the KJV translators used readings different from Beza’s edition. He searched texts and found these different readings in other editions of Greek New Testaments. In this task, F. H. A. Scrivener did not translate anything. We can say he “reverse engineered,” in that he began with the King James translation and worked backward. Nevertheless, I recommend even avoiding the terminology “reverse engineered” – because many people who hear it hear “back translated” (and their idea is that Scrivener took the KJV and translated the English words into Greek.) Just start with the hard work of explaining what you mean, which will probably be easier and more successful in the long run.

If ye love me, keep my commandments

David M. Ramsey recalled the following words, as spoken by the Baptist preacher E. R. Carswell, before baptizing several candidates in the Rocky River, Anderson County, South Carolina.

“And then, closing the book, the preacher said something like this: ‘Our Lord must have walked some forty miles across the desert country to come down to the Jordan to be baptized by John in the river. Jesus, calm and silent and unrecognized, had been working in the carpenter’s shop in Nazareth, but now he leaves these duties to enter upon his vast labors as the World’s Redeemer. First he must be baptized in the Jordan. Here stands his baptism on the threshold of his life-work. It was a solemn hour and tender experience, for Jesus Himself said it was necessary for him to be baptized to fulfill all righteousness. I know not all the deep meaning of that utterance. By example and precept he has taught us that it is our duty to be baptized, and I think if we love him it should be pleasant to keep his commandments.”

Excerpted from Baptist Why and Why Not, pp. 399-400.

The hour of my departure’s come

The following hymn is “Hymn V” of five hymns included in the back of Translations and Paraphrases, in Verse, of Several Passages of Sacred Scripture. Collected and Prepared by a Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in order to be sung in Churches (Edinburgh: J. Dickson, 1781). This book addresses in its “Advertisement” the movement in the Church of Scotland to include singing more Scripture in addition to the Psalms, first publishing something in the year 1745.

“…it has been the general sentiment of devout persons, that it would be of advantage to enlarge the Psalmody in public worship, by joining with the Psalms of David some other passages of Scripture, both from the Old and the New Testament…”

These words below were (apparently) written by Michael Bruce. He was the son of a Scottish weaver. Bruce was born March 27, 1746 at Kinrossshire in Scotland, March 27, 1746. He studied at Edinburgh University, and there met John Logan (1748-1788). He studied at the Theological Hall of the Associate Synod under John Swanston. His purpose was to enter the ministry, but he died of consumption at age 21 on July 5, 1767, before fulfilling that purpose. He was buried at Portmoak Churchyard Kinross, Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

There let me sleep forgotten in the clay,

When death shall shut these weary aching eyes,

Rest in the hopes of an eternal day,

Till the long night’s gone, and the last morn arise.

Michael Bruce wrote poetry and hymns. Several of his poems were published posthumously under the title Poems on Several Occasions (Edinburgh: J. Robertson, 1770). This hymn is fitting for his circumstance, but for all of us as well. When God calls, when the hour of our departure’s come, may we gladly hear and answer his call and depart to him in peace.

1. The hour of my departure’s come;
I hear the voice that calls me home;
At last, O Lord! let trouble cease,
And let thy servant die in peace.

2. The race appointed I have run;
The combat’s o’er, the prize is won;
And now my witness is on high,
And now my record’s in the sky.

3. Not in mine innocence I trust;
I bow before thee in the dust;
And through my Saviour’s blood alone
I look for mercy at thy throne.

4. I leave the world without a tear,
Save for the friends I held so dear;
To heal their sorrows, Lord, descend,
And to the friendless prove a friend.

5. I come, I come, at thy command,
I give my spirit to thy hand;
Stretch forth thine everlasting arms,
And shield me in the last alarms.

6. The hour of my departure’s come;
I hear the voice that calls me home:
Now, O my God! let trouble cease,
Now let thy servant die in peace.

An unfortunate controversy (which apparently is still debated) surrounds this hymn, is explained by John Julian (A Dictionary of Hymnology, Volume 1, 1907, pp. 187-189).

The names of Michael Bruce and John Logan are brought together because of the painful controversy which has long prevailed concerning the authorship of certain Hymns and Paraphrases of Holy Scripture which are in extensive use in the Christian Church both at home and abroad. During the latter years of Bruce’s short life he wrote various Poems, and also Hymns for a singing class at Kinnesswood, which were well known to his family and neighbours, and were eventually copied out by Bruce himself in a quarto ms. book, with the hope that some day he might see them in print. Immediately upon his death, in 1767, Logan called upon his father and requested the loan of this book that he might publish the contents for the benefit of the family. This was granted. Not till three years afterwards did a certain work, containing seventeen poems, and entitled Poems on Several Occasions, by Michael Bruce, 1770, appear, with a Preface in which it was stated that some of the Poems were by others than Bruce. Bruce’s father immediately pointed out the absence from the volume of certain hymns which he called his son’s “Gospel Sonnets,” and members of the singing class at Kinnesswood also noted the absence of hymns with which they were familiar. Letters of remonstrance and demands for the return of the quarto manuscript book of Bruce by the father remaining unanswered, led him eventually to see Logan in person. No book was forthcoming, a few scraps of ms. only were returned, and Logan accounted for the absence of the book by saying he feared “that the servants had singed fowls with it.” For a time the matter rested here, only to be revived with renewed interest by the publication, in 1781 (14 years after the death of Bruce, and 11 after the Poems, &c, were issued), of Poems. By the Rev. Mr. Logan, One of the Ministers of Leith. In this volume, an “Ode to the Cuckoo,” a poem of exquisite beauty, and other poetical pieces which appeared in the Poems on Several Occasions, by Michael Bruce, were repeated, and claimed as his own by Logan. In addition, certain Hymns and Paraphrases were included, most of which were of sterling merit, and poetical excellence. It has been shown, we think, most conclusively by Dr. Mackelvie in his Life of Bruce prefixed to the Poems, 1837 and by Dr. Grosart in his Works of M. Bruce, 1865, that the “Ode to the Cuckoo,” “Lochleven,” and other poetical pieces were taken from ms. book of M. Bruce. The Hymns and Paraphrases, most of which were included in the Translations and Paraphrases during the same year, were also claimed for Bruce...

Julian’s conclusion was that certain hymns were without doubt written by Bruce rather than Logan, while some others were unclear. For those that were unclear, including “The hours of my departure’s come” (which he said Dr. Grosart claims for Bruce), Julian (seemingly somewhat reluctantly) gave to Logan “as the defendant” on “the benefit of the doubt.” Some publications solve the problem (or avoid the issue) by simply crediting it to the book Scottish Paraphrases. I come down on the side of Michael Bruce.

This hymn does not seem to have become associated with any one particular tune. Being in Long Meter, it will not be hard for one to choose a good hymn to sing it with. In The Baptist Hymn and Tune Book, for Public Worship (Philadelphia, PA: American Baptist Publication Society, 1871), music editor John M. Evans set it below the tune Rest by William B. Bradbury.

3 Views of Baptist Origins

“A Roundtable Discussion on Baptist Origins” in The Journal of Baptist Studies, Volume 3 (2009) contains articles representing three different historical views of the origin of Baptists.

• The Successionism View of Baptist History, by James R. Duval -- “There is an identity problem among present-day Baptists and the gulf seems to be widening.”
• The Spiritual Kinship Theory of Baptist Origins, by W. Glenn Jonas Jr -- “The spiritual kinship theory was a type of Baptist successionism although different than Landmarkism.”
• A Brief Defense of the English Separatist Origins of Modern Baptists, by James M. Renihan -- “The question of Baptist origins is like a carpet worn thin from more than a century of debate and discussion.”

Baptizing babies (or not) in the first century

I recently heard a Roman Catholic apologist make the statement below about infant baptism. He was referencing the lack of early historical evidence for infant baptism; and the possibility that the apostles’ did not institute the practice “because of how baptism is described in the writings of the first 150 years of church history.” He said:

“Most of the apostles would have died before most Christians were born from Christian parents rather than being converts to the faith as adults.” (Trent Horn)

I found that statement unbelievably astounding from an intelligent academic theologian and debater. I may be a little simple, but it seems to me within the realm of logic that any average Christian couple could have a baby within nine months of their conversion. No need for most of the apostles to be dead. (Certainly, this is not the sole argument he makes on the subject, but it was one that he made that I could not believe he made.)

Research on James Robert McEwin

James Robert McEwin was a songwriter and singing school teacher who seems to mysteriously disappear after about 1902-03. McEwin was born in Texas in 1868, the son of William McEwin and Catherine Reynolds of Lamar County, Texas. He married Elizabeth Ledbetter in 1897 in Jack County, Texas. In 1899 he was a vocal music teacher, also organizing a string band. The McEwin family was living in Jack County in 1900, when the U. S. Federal census was taken. J. R. is listed as a “teacher of music.” He was active in teaching Eureka Normal Music Schools. Here’s a link showing one of his advertisements (Jacksboro Gazette, August 16, 1900), advertising with S. J. Oslin in the summer of 1900, at Post Oak, in Jack County:

J. R. McEwin and his wife divorced in 1905. A divorce was granted and she was given custody of the children (Jacksboro Gazette, September 21, 1905, p. 3). She remarried, to Benjamin Franklin Page. However, what happened to J. R. McEwin? Perhaps he died before the 1910 census, or perhaps he will turn up elsewhere? There is one story that he was accidentally killed in Arkansas, that he was mistaken for someone else.

It seems that J. R. McEwin was very active at the end of the 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, then just disappears. In her divorce suit in 1905 (Jacksboro News, August 3, 1905, p. 5), Lizzie McEwin claimed she had not had not seen or communicated with J. R. McEwin since February 25, 1901. He is listed as an associate compiler on Songs of Glory No. 2, by J. S. Torbett, which must have first been printed in 1902. Even if he and his wife divorced, it seems that he should show up somewhere in a census, in newspapers about teaching singing schools, or in publishing more books somewhere. This could lend credence to the story about his being accidentally killed in Arkansas.

This McEwin family site gives a possible story of what happened to J. R. McEwin, as well as a picture:

“James Robert McEwin was born about 1868 and died after 1895. He was a music teacher. He was killed in Arkansas, according to a family story. Annie McEwin, the widow of Edgar McEwin reported that James was mistaken for someone else and shot as he got off a train. His belongings were shipped back to his brother, John, whose family had them for a long time afterwards. John was Annie McEwin’s father-in-law.”

If this link works properly, it will show 16 times that J. R. McEwin is mentioned in The Musical Million periodical. (The later ones are simply his name included in continuing advertisements for Songs of Glory No. 2.) Perhaps some day the conclusion of his story will be revealed.

Bad news and Good news

As someone has well said, “There can be no good news until we first accept the bad news.” The bad news is that man is a habitual hereditary sinner separated from God.

• heart is evil (Genesis 8:21; Jeremiah 17:9)
• gone aside, filthy, not good (Psalm 14:3; Romans 3)
• righteousnesses are filthy rags (Isaiah 64:6)
• spiritually sick (Luke 5:31-32)
• rebellious children (Isaiah 30:1; Luke 15:11-32)
• lost (Luke 15:24; 19:10)
• in darkness (Acts 26:18)
• under the power of Satan (Acts 26:18)
• God’s enemies (Romans 5:10; 2 Corinthians 5:18-19)
• servants of sin (Romans 6:22)
• influenced and led astray by dumb idols (1 Corinthians 12:2)
• spiritually blind (2 Corinthians 4:4-6)
• slaves to those who by nature are not gods (Galatians 4:8)
• dead in trespasses and sins (Ephesians 2:1, 5)
• by nature children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3)
• having darkened understanding (Ephesians 4:18)
• separated from the life of God (Ephesians 4:18)
• were darkness (Ephesians 5:8)
• under the power of darkness (Colossians 1:13)
• alienated from God (Colossians 1:21)
• enemies of God (Colossians 1:21)
• idol worshippers (1 Thessalonians 1:9)
• subject to bondage (Hebrews 2:15)
• not a people; had not obtained mercy (1 Peter 2:10)
• sheep going astray (1 Peter 2:25)

The good news is “that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief” (1 Timothy 1:15).

[Note: This list inspired and developed from a list started by Bill Muehlenberg.]

Why Become a Baptist

David M. Ramsey, brought up in a strict Presbyterian household, left his home in Greenville County, South Carolina around 1875 to attend high school at the Carswell Institute in Anderson County, South Carolina. The principal of the school was a young Baptist preacher, E. R. Carswell.

“Soon after I entered the Carswell institute, the young Baptist preacher in a spirit of pleasantry asked his Presbyterian pupil for a good text for a sermon on infant baptism which he intended to preach the following Sunday, stipulating to use the very strongest one favoring this custom which might be produced. The terms were agreed to and at once the search began in good earnest. The boy chuckled over the embarrassing predicament which the preacher and congregation would find themselves in the next Sunday.

“But soon the subject became distressingly serious. One of the first passages turned to of course was, ‘But Jesus said suffer little children and forbid them not to come unto me for of such is the kingdom of heaven.’ To my surprise there was not a word here about any kind of baptism. The Baptist minister could do all this for his own babe next Sunday at the close of his sermon, if he thinks there is nothing sacrilegious in a poor mortal man’s imitating the Divine Redeemer in bestowing a blessing. So one after another of the familiar passages were examined with similar results. The household baptisms mentioned in the New Testament failed me for they possessed no remotest hint that infants were present. On the contrary, I remember very distinctly that in every case studied in my crude way the startling fact came out prominently that there was proof that each one baptized had previously exercised faith for himself. The concordance was patiently consulted but no relief came. About Friday the preacher insisted on having his text. I think now that there was in his eye a twinkle of almost cruel pleasure over my discomfiture and awkwardness as I made my lame excuses of absence from books and counseling friends, lack of time, etc. With the assurance on my part that he should hear from me again on this subject, the preacher was left to select his own text according to his liking.”

The Baptist principal’s experiment struck its mark. Over time the Presbyterian youth gave in to the Bible’s teaching and the Spirit’s conviction, became a Baptist and surrendered to the ministry. Excerpted from Baptist Why and Why Not, pp. 395-396.

Our Mortal State

Remember how short my time is: wherefore hast thou made all men in vain?
What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah.

The following hymn by Isaac Watts is the “Sixth Part” of his paraphrase of Psalm 89 “verse 47, &c.” which he called “Mortality and Hope.—A Funeral Psalm.” It was published in The Psalms of David, Imitated in the Language of the New Testament. The name makes clear the intent, to warn of the mortality of man – life how short and frail – but to also point to the hope that is found in Jesus Christ and his resurrection! The subtitle suggests this as an appropriate song or reading at a funeral.

1. Remember, Lord, our mortal state;
How frail our life! how short the date!
Where is the man that draws his breath,
Safe from disease, secure from death?

2. Lord, while we see whole nations die,
Our flesh and sense repine and cry;
Must death for ever rage and reign?
Or, hast thou made mankind in vain?

3. Where is the promise to the just?
Are not thy servants turned to dust?
But faith forbids these mournful sighs,
And sees the sleeping dust arise.

4. That glorious hour, that dreadful day
Wipes the reproach of saints away,
And clears the honour of thy word;
Awake our souls, and bless the Lord.

Isaac Watts (1674–1748) was an English independent (dissenting) minister, theologian, and hymn writer. Because of his prolific, original, and splendid poetry, he has been designated the “Father of English hymnody.” Watts was born in Southampton, Hampshire, England in 1674. He served as a pastor at the Mark Lane Congregational Chapel in London from about 1702 to 1712, but resigned due to poor health. He accepted an invitation from Sir Thomas Abney and Lady Mary Abney to live in Stoke Newington, where he remained the rest of his life.

In addition to hymns (for which he is best remembered), Watts also wrote on theology and logic. He died in 1748, in Stoke Newington and was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some of his best-known hymns include “Joy to the World,” “When I Survey the Wondrous Cross,” and “Our God, Our Help in Ages Past.”

The hymn is Long Meter and the recommended tune in some later printings of Watts’s “Psalms of David” is Pleyel’s (but apparently not the Pleyel’s we know in Sacred Harp, since it is a different meter). In The Sacred Harp 1991 Edition, two stanzas of this hymn were paired with the new tune Granville, written by Sacred Harp singer Judy Hauff of Chicago, Illinois.

Which service?

A pastor was at his church house one weekday morning looking around. He heard a noise out in the foyer and he went out to see what it was. He saw a little boy looking around at everything. So the preacher said, “Son, would you like me to show you around our building?”

The little boy replied, “I sure would!” 

The preacher began to show the boy around. They came to a place in a hallway where there was a plaque. The plaque had a lot of names on it. The little boy asked, “Who, who are all these people?” 

The pastor answered, “Those are the names of the ones who died in the service.”

The little boy looked very puzzled. He thought awhile and finally he asked, “Was that the morning service or the evening service?”

Probably some good information to know!

-- Copied

More John Leland

Captain Abner Lee, who lived near Lyme, Massachusetts, would have meetings in his house. He would bring in seats and a moveable pulpit. On one occasion he had Elder John Leland preach in his house, Captain Lee “said to Mr. Leland, ‘I do not know as you can put up with our wooden pulpit.’ He made no reply, but began his meeting. After preaching a while, he had occasion to notice the preaching the people had in old times; and noticed the difference between that and the popular doctrines of the day in which he lived. ‘In the days of the apostles, said he, they had wooden pulpits and golden preaching but now they have golden pulpits and wooden preaching. Give me a wooden pulpit and golden preaching, rather than golden pulpits and wooden preaching!”

From The Life, Conversion, Preaching, Travels, and Sufferings of Elias Smith, p. 227

John 13:1-17, Matthew Henry

What follows is four points on John 13:1-17, by the old English commentator Matthew Henry. In the past I have referred to these points by Henry for teaching/preaching on this passage. I believe they are helpful, and share them here for your edification.

I. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might give a proof of that great love wherewith he loved them; loved them to the end, vs. 1-2.

II. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might give an instance of his own wonderful humility, and show how lowly and condescending he was, and let all the world know how low he could stoop in love to his own. This is intimated, vs. 3-5.

III. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might signify to them spiritual washing, and the cleansing of the soul from the pollutions of sin. This is plainly intimated in his discourse with Peter upon it, vs. 6-11

IV. Christ washed his disciples’ feet to set before us an example. This explication he gave of what he had done, when he had done it, vs. 12-17.

Search After Happiness

I found the following in some old files, which I apparently wrote in June of 2020.

The Search After Happiness

The following hymn is an excerpt from A Search After Happiness: A Pastoral in Three Dialogues, written by “A Young Lady” (Hannah More), in 1762/1773.[1] In the second edition, the title was changed to The Search After Happiness: A Pastoral Drama, and this portion of the poem was expanded to seven 4-line stanzas.[2] The poem/hymn as used in The Sacred Harp and other shape-note books has some word changes, and only six stanzas (the third stanza is not used).

In later printings, the “Preface” explains the purpose of the “Pastoral Drama”:

The object of the following Poem, which was written in very early youth, was an earnest wish to furnish a substitute for the very improper custom, which then prevailed, of allowing plays, and those not always of the purest kind, to be acted by young Ladies in boarding schools. And it has afforded a serious satisfaction to the Author to learn that this little Poem, and likewise the Sacred Dramas, have very frequently been adopted to supply the place of those more dangerous amusements. If it may be still happily instrumental in promoting a regard to Religion and Virtue in the minds of young persons, and afford them an innocent, and perhaps not altogether unuseful, amusement in the exercise of recitation, the end for which it was originally composed, and the author’s utmost wish in its re-publication, will be fully answered.

In the drama this portion is sung by the character Florella, a young shepherdess.

1. While beauty and youth are in their full prime,
And folly and fashion affect our whole time;
O let not the phantom our wishes engage,
Let us live so in youth that we blush not in age.
 
2. The vain and the young may attend us a while,
But let not their flattery our prudence beguile;
Let us covet those charms that shall never decay
Nor listen to all that deceivers can say.
 
3. I sigh not for beauty, nor languish for wealth,
But grant me, kind Providence, virtue and health;
Then richer than kings, and far happier than they,
My days shall pass swiftly and sweetly away.
 
4. For when age steals on me, and youth is no more,
And the moralist Time shakes his glass at my door,
What pleasure in beauty or wealth can I find?
My beauty, my wealth, is a sweet peace of mind.
 
5. That peace! I’ll preserve it as pure as ’twas given
Shall last in my bosom an earnest of heaven;
For Virtue and Wisdom can warm the cold scene,
And sixty can flourish as gay as sixteen.
 
6. And when I the burden of life shall have borne,
And death with his sickle shall cut the ripe corn,
Reascend to my God without murmur or sigh,
I’ll bless the kind summons, and lie down and die.

The third stanza that Florella sings is:

How the tints of the rose, and the jess’mine’s perfume,[3]
The eglantine’s fragrance, the lilac’s gay bloom,
Tho’ fair and tho’ fragrant, unheeded may lie,
For that neither is sweet when Florella is by.

This is the stanza not used in songbooks. The other six stanzas are used with the tune Morality, number 136 in The Sacred Harp. It is in other shape-note tune books as well, such as The Southern Harmony. It can be found on YouTube sung at Waycross Primitive Baptist Church.

Hannah More was born February 2, 1745 in the village of Fishponds in Gloucestershire. She was a daughter of Jacob and Mary Grace More. He was a schoolmaster. She was taught by her father, then attended a girls’ school of her oldest sister Mary. Hannah later taught at the school, and wrote A Search After Happiness circa 1762.[4] She left teaching and earned most of her living through writing. After a religious conversion she became close friends of John Newton and& William Wilberforce. She was one of the most successful writers of her time. She died September 7, 1833 and is buried at All Saints Churchyard in Somerset, England.

---

[1] A Search After Happiness: A Pastoral in Three Dialogues, A Young Lady, Bristol: S. Farley, 1773, pp. 30-31. The “Advertisement” in the Google version purported to be printed in 1773 strongly suggests that this is the first printed/book version of A Search After Happiness.
[2] The first printed version had 26 lines rather than 28 lines.
[3] The first version appears to have jessamine (jess’mine’s), while later versions change this to “jasmine.”

[4] The scan of the book at Google Books does not have a date printed, but it is believed to be from around 1762. However, Google Books dates it as 1766.

Going nowhere

“How many times we have heard a Preacher announce a text, and then immediately depart from it on an excursion over land and sea, and never come back to the text again. When the sermon is over we feel like saying what Mandy said to Sam after he had ridden the merry-go-round at the circus for one solid hour: ‘Sam, you’ve been gone an hour and spent a whole dollar, but you ain’t been nowhere!’ My father used to tell of a deacon who slipped a note on the preacher’s pulpit saying ‘Stick to your text—and some of it will stick to us.’ To advertise a text and then ignore it is fraudulent advertising!”

M. R. DeHaan, Bread For Each Day, Zondervan, 1962, June 30

Far From My Thoughts

THIS LINK contains a recording of Emily Creel leading Westford (“Far from my thoughts, vain world begone”) at the Rusk County Singing Convention. In addition to the thoughts of the hymn and its meaning, I also have pleasant memories of our friend Leon Ballinger loving and often leading this song.

The words are by Isaac Watts, and remind us of our delight in worshipping our Lord Jesus Christ – generally, in church, and in singings. Watts originally called it “The enjoyment of Christ; or, Delight in worship.” Daniel Read used three stanzas of it with his tune Westford. There are three more stanzas not used with the tune, which I print below the three that go with it. May this wonderful song always serve as a reminder to us that when we sing, we are delighting in worship!

1. Far from my thoughts, vain world, begone!
Let my religious hours alone:
Fain would mine eyes my Saviour see;
I wait a visit, Lord, from thee.

2. My heart grows warm with holy fire,
And kindles with a pure desire;
Come, my dear Jesus! from above,
And feed my soul with heavenly love.

3. Blest Jesus, what delicious fare!
How sweet thine entertainments are?
Never did angels taste, above,
Redeeming grace and dying love.

The trees of life immortal stand,
In flourishing rows, at thy right hand,
And in sweet murmurs, by their side,
Rivers of bliss perpetual glide.

Haste then, but with a smiling face,
And spread the table of thy grace;
Bring down a taste of fruit divine,
And cheer my heart with sacred wine.

Hail, great Immanuel, all divine,
In thee thy Father’s glories shine;
Thou brightest, sweetest, fairest One,
That eyes have seen or angels known.

The above hymn is Hymn 15 in Book Two of Hymns and Spiritual Songs (1707). Watts also has a “Part the second” with six more stanzas on the topic. It is Hymn 16.

7. Lord, what a heaven of saving grace,
Shines through the beauties of thy face,
And lights our passions to a flame!
Lord, how we love thy charming Name!

8. When I can say, my God is mine,
When I can feel thy glories shine,
I tread the world beneath my feet,
And all that earth calls good or great.

9. While such a scene of sacred joys
Our raptured eyes and souls imploys,
Here we could sit, and gaze away
A long, an everlasting day.

10. Well, we shall quickly pass the night
To the fair coasts of perfect light;
Then shall our joyful senses rove
O’er the dear object of our love.

11. There shall we drink full draughts of bliss,
And pluck new life from heavenly trees:
Yet now, and then, dear Lord, bestow
A drop of heaven on worms below.

12. Send comforts down from thy right hand,
While we pass through this barren land,
And in thy temple let us see
A glimpse of love, a glimpse of thee.

Missions and Anti-Missions

Some people will not allow themselves to believe there is a distinction between being for preaching the gospel and starting churches (missions) and being against mission boards and mission societies. This Southern Baptist pastor studied Daniel Parker and recognized the difference. He concluded:

“When Daniel Parker died on December 3, 1844, after ten years in Texas, he had successfully demonstrated that his opposition was directed not against missions but against the mission society.” 

“Daniel Parker: Politician, Baptist, and Anti-Mission Missionary,” Max Lee (Pastor, First BC, Winnsboro, LA). The Journal of Texas Baptist History, Volume VI, 1986, William L. Pitts, Editor. Texas Baptist Historical Society, p. 8

A traveling church

Another church on the move

Excerpt from “Baptists of Denton County to Hold Golden Jubilee Celebration,”

Denton Record-Chronicle, Wednesday, May 27, 1936, page 2

A Next-World Bible

“Modern inerrantist evangelicals such as myself should adjust our expectations about the preservation of Scripture to what God actually did with the text of the Hebrew Bible rather than insisting on a level of jot-and-title perfection that God seems to have reserved for the next world.”

The comment above is by Mark Ward and is found in The Authority of the Septuagint (p. 181). What a strange view! It relegates the perfection of a trustworthy Bible to two times that it does no good for most Christians and churches; when it was hot off the press, so to speak, and when we all get to heaven. For now, we just have to make do with not knowing which words in the Bible are correct.

While we walk the pilgrim pathway,
Flaws oft overspread the Bible;
But when studying days are over,
Not an error, all perfect type!

When we all get to heaven,
What a day of rejoicing that will be!
When we have jot-and-tittle perfection
We’ll have the perfect Bible that we need!

Nah, I think I will keep my expectations for the high standard of God preserving his word, even if I do not have all the answers.

Cottonpickin’ hands

Do not assume you know the conclusion if you do not read the entire post.

The extent of folks rewriting history and “playing the race card” has become a wearisome but regular part of “politics as usual.” When everything is about race, eventually nothing is about race. Enter a discussion between radio host Rich Herrera and Virginia Representative Jen Kiggans about U. S. House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries inserting himself into a state of Virginia problem. Hakeem Jeffries lives in New York and represents New York in the U. S. House of Representatives. Herrara suggested that if Jeffries wants to be involved in Virigina politics, he should move to Virginia and run for office. He continued, “If not, get your cottonpickin’ hands off of Virginia.” Kiggans agreed with this sentiment.[i]

The condemnation was swift and brutal, with Democrats asserting that Jen Kiggans should “apologize and resign” – for something she did not even say. Elaine Luria sang a high harmony part, claiming, “The racist comments proudly endorsed today by Jen Kiggans warning House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries to ‘Get your cotton-picking hands off of Virginia’ are disgusting and beneath any elected official. I grew up in the South. I know what these racist dog whistles mean.” I did a little checking. Reperesentative Luria did grow up in the South, but that doesn’t make her any kind of expert on this subject. Her age, where she lived, that she attended a private school – and the content of what she said – makes me initially think that she does not know anything about picking cotton (or probably farming in general).

Unfortunately, Kiggans partly bought the lie. After complaining about the Democrats divisive tactics, she said, “The radio host should not have used that language and I do not — and did not — condone it. It was obvious to anyone listening that I was agreeing Hakeem Jeffries should stay out of Virginia.”

There is nothing wrong with “cottonpickin’ hands” and nothing specifically racist about the term “cottonpickin’ hands.” In the particular context, this is political theatre. If there are any racists likely involved – the real racists are the ones who apply their own prejudice in assuming that only black Americans picked cotton.

I expect the people who are most “enraged” by this actually know nothing about picking cotton (and probably could care less). Cotton was the “cash crop” of our Rusk County community. The children of all farming families picked cotton. “Cotton-pickin’ hands” was a common expression.[ii] It had nothing to do with the color of the person whose hands were picking cotton. The origin relies on the state of what the hands looked like after a day of picking cotton (often dirty, cut, and bleeding). It was a common rebuke for children. We were told, “Get your cottonpickin hands out of that,” or “Keep your cottonpickin hands off of that.” This is not to say that no one might or could use it with a racist connotation, but simply to acknowledge the fact that it is not inherently racist. Even if you believe the origins were racist – which requires accepting that prejudice that only black Americans picked cotton – it is still a silly accusation, like claiming the atheist who just told you good-bye has just turned into a theist because the origin of “good-bye” is “God be with you.”

Politicians are gonna politic, and I don’t suppose there is any cure for that! For Christians, I think we can “one another” from two directions.

• On the one hand, don’t “make a man an offender for a word” (Isaiah 29:21). If someone does not mean something offensive, don’t take it as or make it offensive.[iii]
• On the other hand, if a thing that is innocuous and allowable “make my brother to offend” (1 Corinthians 8:13), we can choose to leave it off as a matter of liberty.[iv]

Provoked partisan politicians should not be our examples. Brothers and sisters in Christ working together in love on the two suggestions above will likely come out alright in the end.

---

[i] And so do I. There is far too much outside meddling in the internal politics and policies of states. And it is not just a Democrat problem. Republicans do it too. Additionally, heating this up as a race issue exposes the weak overall position of the opposers of the Virginia Supreme Court ruling.
[ii] “Picking cotton” (as opposed to pulling the bolls) consisted of picking the cotton out of the boll as opposed to pulling the boll off the plant, with sharp hard edges often scraping and cutting the picker’s hands and fingers. “Cottonpickin hands” usually developed some calluses over time. In explaining the terminology, Michael Schwarz wrote, “The slang adjective ‘cottonpickin’ means ‘damned’ or ‘confounded.’ No sane person in 2026 believes that it has anything to do with the enslaved people who harvested the cash crop of the antebellum South.” I think Schwarz makes two mistakes. First, in seeming to accept that only enslaved people picked cotton in the antebellum South. Second, in relying solely on Dictionary.com for his definition. As someone who grew up regularly hearing the expression, and accepting that it is a euphemism, I do not think people necessarily meant “damned” or “confounded.” Probably more often it was considered an intensifier of dirty or defiled. Another colloquial saying derived from cotton-picking culture is “fair to middling” – a quality grading of cotton (middling being the average). This became a general expression for something that was average, sort of okay but not that great – and also for how a person feels. Another more general farm colloquialism meaning roughly the same as “cotton-pickin’ hands” is “pea-pickin hands.”
[iii] “Just because you are offended doesn’t mean that you’ve been wronged,” Keith Foskey
[iv] In this, I mean things that we are at liberty to do or not do (such as eating meat, in the context of 1 Corinthians 8). When it comes to obeying God, we must obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29) – regardless of who might be offended. Let us carefully judge our motives in all things.

Honour thy father and thy mother

“Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee.”

Jehovah God, in Exodus 20:12

“Even if your parents share values and views and a world view you do not have, you are biblically obligated to honour them; which means to spend time with them and to love on them, and to go visit them.

“You will cease to have a strong country, America, if we do not have kids honouring their parents.

“The closer that you stay with your parents, even though you have disagreements, the better you will be and your nation will be.” 

Charlie Kirk

The sinner

The following is Hymn XXXVIII in Hymns, &c. Composed on Various Subjects, by Joseph Hart (London: J. Everingham, 1759, pp. 54-56). The hymn does not have a title, but is preceded by a verse of scripture.

This is a faithful Saying, and worthy of all Acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the World to save Sinners... 1 Tim. i. 15.

1. When Adam by transgression fell,
And conscious, fled his Maker’s face,
Linked in clandestine league with hell,
He ruined all his future race:
The seeds of evil once brought in,
Increased; and filled the world with sin.

2. This lurking leaven ferments the mass.
All nature’s sick; creation’s spoiled;
Each sin-infected sire, alas!
Begets the sin-infected child.
Thus propagation spreads the curse:
And man, born bad, grows worse and worse.

3. But lo! the second Adam came,
The serpent’s subtle head to bruise;
He cancels his malicious claim,
And disappoints his devilish views;
Ransoms poor prisoners with his blood,
And brings the sinner back to God.

4. To understand these terms aright,
This grand distinction should be known:
Though all are sinners in God’s sight,
There are but few so in their own.
To such as these our Lord was sent;
They’re only sinners, who repent.

5. What comfort can a Saviour bring
To those who never felt their woe?
A sinner is a sacred thing;
The Holy Ghost has made him so.
New life from him we must receive,
Before for sin we rightly grieve.

6. Let the self-righteous hence beware,
Lest he this great salvation scorn.
Let every careless soul take care;
For they that laugh shall one day mourn.
High-flying lights, learn hence to stoop;
Dry knowledge only puffs men up.

7. This faithful saying let us own,
(Well worthy ’tis to be believed)
That Christ into the world came down,
That sinners might by him be saved.
Sinners are high in his esteem,
And sinners highly value him.

Joseph Hart (1712-1768) was a teacher, an independent evangelical minister, and a hymn writer. Hart is well-known is some circles, but not that well known among English-speaking Christians in general. In the spring of 1759, he published 119 “hymns, etc.” in his book Hymns, &c. Composed on Various Subjects. This work included “a Preface, containing a Brief Account of the Author’s Experience, and the Great Things that God hath done for his Soul.” His hymns are full of grace, passion, and Christian experience. A few of Hart’s hymns have achieved general acceptance; his most popular is likely that which begins “Come, ye sinners, poor and wretched, weak and wounded, sick and sore.” Most of Hart’s hymns are reprinted in William Gadsby’s A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship (this hymn is #89). Peter C. Rae has an article on “Joseph Hart and His Hymns” in the Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology.

Joseph Hart died at age 56, on May 24, 1768, and was buried in the Bunhill Fields Burial Ground in London.

I have not seen this hymn printed in a book with music. I suggest two tunes with the L.P.M. metrical pattern, from the The Sacred Harp 2012 Cooper Edition: Vernon (416b) by Amzi Chapin and Edwards (197) by H. S. Woodard.[i]

---

[i] Vernon is a variant or arrangement of Farewell Hymn by Jeremiah Ingalls (The Christian Harmony, 1805). Henry Stephen “Steave” Woodard (1861-1945) was born in South Carolina, but lived most of his life in southeast Alabama. He wrote or arranged Edwards for the 1902 revision of The Sacred Harp by W. M. Cooper.

Some people want to serve, and other quotes

The posting of quotes of human authors does not constitute agreement with either the quotes or their sources. (I try to confirm the sources that I give, but may miss on occasion; please verify if possible.)

“Some people want to serve God part-time, but want to be blessed full-time.” -- James Bell, Jr.

“The locks of Scripture are only to be opened with the keys of Scripture.” -- Charles Spurgeon

“A prayer doesn’t have to be long, as long as it is strong.” -- Amos L. Horton

“Jonah disobeyed God and ended up in a whale. Peter obeyed God and ended up in a jail.” -- Amos L. Horton

“A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right.” -- Thomas Paine

“If you can’t see spiritually, you can’t pray properly.” (Cf. 2 Kings 6:15-17) -- Mike Matlock

“Time makes more converts than reason.” -- Thomas Paine

“You can’t out-preach your character.” -- Amos L. Horton

“Through the blood of Christ, you can get over what the Devil puts you under.” -- Joe Arthur

“Does your church submit to the Bible, or does your church expect the Bible to submit to them?” -- Keith Foskey

“For as the sun darts its beams upon a dunghill, and yet is no way defiled by it; so God decrees the permission of sin...yet is not the author of sin.” -- Thomas Boston

“Our hope is anchored in the past, because Jesus rose; our hope is guaranteed in the present, because Jesus lives; and our hope is assured for the future, because Jesus is coming.” -- Alistair Begg

I’ve Been Everywhere

...in Rusk County.

[Intro]

I was totin’ my pack along the dusty old Jones Lake Road

When along came a pickup truck with-a-out any load.

“If you’re goin’ anywhere in Rusk County, Mack, with me you can ride”

And so I climbed into the cab and then I settled down inside.

He asked me if I’d seen a road with so much dust and sand,

And I said, “Listen, I’ve traveled every road in this county’s land.”

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Crossed the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 1]

I’ve been to old Gould, New Salem, Moss Temple,

Mt. Zion, Zion Hill, Pleasant Hill, fairly simple; 

Red Level, Smith Chapel, Harmony Hill, Leverett’s Chapel

Chapel Hill, Craig, Grandview, Jacobs, Crim’s Chapel.

Holley Spring, Springfield, Chinquapin, Gourd Neck,

Stringtown, Stewart, Turnertown, Prospect, don’t object!

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Cross the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 2]

I’ve been to Brachfield, Pine Hill, Church Hill, Eulalie,

Millville, Laneville, maybe even San Cosme;

Church Hill, Laird Hill, Chalk Hill, Caledonia,

Anadarko, Monroe, Shiloh, but not California!

Mayflower, Minden, McKnight, Striker Lake,

Shakerag, Cherokee & Martin Lake, for Pete’s sake.

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Cross the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 3]

I’ve been to Sulphur Springs, Big Spring, Union Spring, Pleasant Grove,

Sweetgum, Tatum, Mooretown, Irbyville, Valley Grove;

Roquemore, Greasy Kitchen, Gray Hill, Watt Hill,

Oak Hill, Oak Flat, Sand Flat, Sand Hill, what a thrill.

Gaston, Overton, Henderson, New London, even

Pone, Pirtle, Pitner’s Junction, see what I mean-a?

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Crossed the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 4]

I’ve been to Arlam, New Salem, Buford, Fairview

Bryce & Price, Carlisle, Concord, Bellview,

Easton, Egypt, Frog Pond, and Glenfawn

Ebenezer, Mansinger, Dewey, and Compton.

New Hope, Good Hope, Good Springs, Gum Springs,

Crossroads, Rhodes, Sexton City, Selman City, what a pity.

When it comes to traveling Rusk County, Texas, I’ve been everywhere…

Baptism and Church Communion

“To the Christian reader. 

“When it pleased God, of his free Grace, to cause me to make a serious inquiry after Jesus Christ, and to give me some taste of his pardoning Love, the sense of which did engage my heart with desires to be obedient to his will in all things, I used all indeavers both by Converse with such as were able, and also by diligently searching the Scriptures, with earnest desires of God, that I might be directed in a right way of Worship; and after some time concluded, that the safest way was to follow the Footsteps of the Flock (namely) that Order laid down by Christ and his Apostles, and practiced by the Primitive Christians in their times; which I found to be, that after Conversion they were Baptized, added to the Church, and continued in the Apostles’ Doctrine, Fellowship, Breaking of Bread, and Prayer; according to which I thought my self bound to be Conformable. And having continued in the Profession of the same for these forty years, although through many Weaknesses, and Fears, Temptations, and Sufferings, yet not without some Witness from God of his gracious Acceptance and Strength to this very day: The sense I have of my own Weakness and Inability, would have been a Bar to me to appear in this Publick way, did I not see a necessity lying upon me for the Truth’s sake, and the sakes of many, by reason of some that have lately risen up to weaken, if not to make void, that great Ordinance of Baptism, by indeavouring to maintain, that all persons that Believe, although they never did, nor do Practice the same, may partake of the Ordinance of the Lord’s Supper, and all other Gospel instituted Duties.”

A Sober Discourse of Right to Church-Communion, William Kiffin, 1681 [“…we dare not break that Rule and Order by which we find the Primitive Saints walkt…” (pp. 130-31)]

Christopher Yetzer on Inspiration, Preservation, and Translation

By Christopher Yetzer, Baptist Missionary in Milan, Italy. (Used by permission.)

1. Inspiration

• 1. I affirm that God sovereignly inspired His words exactly as He intended (2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Pet. 1:21). Inspiration rests in God’s act, not in my understanding of the process.

2. Preservation

• 2. I affirm that God has preserved His inspired words, as Scripture promises (Ps. 12:6–7; Isa. 40:8; Matt. 24:35).
• 3. Preservation means that God’s words remain accessible to His people and have not been lost to history.

3. Progressive Access in History

• 4. I recognize that not every believer in every generation possessed the entirety of Scripture (e.g., Old Testament saints did not have the New Testament; early churches did not immediately possess the complete canon).
• 5. Therefore, preservation does not require identical distribution in every era, but faithful transmission within God’s redemptive plan.

4. Recognition, Not Private Revelation

• 6. I believe Christ’s sheep hear His voice (John 10), meaning believers are enabled by the Spirit to recognize and receive God’s Word—not to generate new revelation.
• 7. I believe I possess God’s preserved Word today and can receive it with confidence.

5. The Textual Foundation

• 8. I believe the Old Testament is most faithfully preserved in the traditional Hebrew Masoretic text, and the New Testament in the historic Greek manuscript tradition received by the church.
• 9. Textual questions should be approached from this preservation framework rather than from a skepticism toward the text itself.

6. Translation

• 10. I believe God’s words can be accurately translated into other languages.
• 11. Accuracy does not always require word-for-word literalism but faithful representation of meaning and structure.
• 12. Changes in language over time (e.g., “ass” to “donkey”) do not necessarily constitute doctrinal or textual corruption.

7. Principles for a Translation

• I believe a faithful translation should aim for:
• 13. Accuracy — conveying the meaning of the original text faithfully.
• 14. Authority — broad ecclesiastical acceptance and proven use.
• 15. Beauty and dignity — language fitting for public worship and reverence.
• 16. Comprehensiveness — capable of expressing the full theological depth of the original languages.
• 17. Unity — promoting doctrinal and congregational stability where possible.

8. Application to English

• 18. For English-speaking believers, I believe these principles converge most fully in the King James Version.
• 19. I desire similar faithfulness, clarity, dignity, and unity in translations for other languages.

My confidence in a translation rests not on private spiritual impression alone, but on its historical continuity, textual foundation, doctrinal faithfulness, and long-standing use among believers.

Notes.

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I think this very well represents the truth, and with which I understand and agree. Generally there is the modern evangelical denial of preservation as a biblical doctrine. More a “oh, what we have is just what happened to survive to the present” kind of preservation.

I believe the best preservation of biblical faith and practice occurred to a large degree underground during the ascendancy of the “hierarchical church” (Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox) from say the 500s to the Reformation. Both the people and the words of the Lord have been preserved. I see the Catholics and Orthodox as being heretical, and the truth generally preserved in persecuted bands of believers. (Not that no truths were preserved among the Catholics and Orthodox, but when they “hereticize” the doctrine of salvation outside of grace through faith, they have lost the plot.)