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Showing posts with label Tetragrammaton. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Tetragrammaton. Show all posts

Tuesday, March 12, 2024

Jehovah in the NKJV and the KJV

There are a lot of wacky unproven rants online against the New King James Version. These work a lot like the “The Little Boy Who Cried Wolf.” In this story a little boy repeatedly “cries wolf” when there is no wolf. Finally, no one will believe him when a wolf actually appears to devour the sheep. From this moralistic fable we get the oft-used English idiom “to cry wolf” – which means “to give a false alarm.”

Another way this can be described is like calluses. When I worked regularly as a carpenter, I developed hard skin on my palms, especially where the palm met the base of my fingers. I could stick a needle in those places and not feel it. After repeatedly being told the NKJV has thousands of departures from the Textus Receptus, hundreds of deletions from the KJV, and so on, some hearers of this become hardened and cannot “feel” there are any problems in the New King James Bible. Wolf has been cried too long.

Nevertheless, the wolf does come. There are legitimate places where the New King James Version differs from the King James Bible for no good reason – especially in light of the proclaimed purpose of the NKJV and the guidelines to which its architects alleged to adhere.

A comparison of “Jehovah” in the King James Bible versus the New King James Bible may not be an earth-shattering experience. However, it yields some perhaps small but fascinating fruit. Hopefully, some calloused hands might soften, some closed ears might hear, and the cry of wolf might be heeded.

Note that the New King James Version I use for comparison was copyrighted in 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. There may be changes in newer editions/printings of which I am unaware. Regardless, this will compare the New King James Version as originally published.
“In harmony with the purpose of the King James scholars, the translators and editors of the present work have not pursued a goal of innovation. They have perceived the Holy Bible, New King James Version, as a continuation of the labors of the earlier translators, thus unlocking for today’s readers the spiritual treasures found especially in the Authorized Version of the Holy Scriptures.” “Purpose” in the “Preface” of the New King James Version, page iii.

“The Covenant name of God was usually translated from the Hebrew as “Lord” (using capital letters as shown), in the King James Old Testament. This tradition is maintained. In the present edition the name is so capitalized whenever the covenant name is quoted in the New Testament from a passage in the Old Testament.” “The Format” in the “Preface” of the New King James Version, p. iv

Now consider the comparisons. In the New King James Version, Yah is used 4 times (Psalm 68:4; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4; 38:11), Jah none, Jehovah none, Yahweh none. The King James Bible uses Jehovah 7 times (Genesis 22:14; Exodus 6:3; 17:15; Judges 6:24; Psalm 83:18 Isaiah 12:2; 26:4) and Jah one time (Psalm 68:4). (Bolding in the verses below is mine for easy visualization, and is not in the original.)

Psalm 68:4

  • AKJV: Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him.
  • NKJV: Sing to God, sing praises to His name; Extol Him who rides on the clouds, By His name Yah, And rejoice before Him.

Genesis 22:14

  • AKJV: And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah-jireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the Lord it shall be seen.
  • NKJV: And Abraham called the name of the place, The-Lord-Will-Provide; as it is said to this day, “In the Mount of the Lord it shall be provided.”

Exodus 6:3

  • AKJV: and I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them.
  • NKJV: I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God Almighty, but by My name Lord I was not known to them.

Exodus 17:15

  • AKJV: And Moses built an altar, and called the name of it Jehovah-nissi:
  • NKJV: And Moses built an altar and called its name, The-Lord-Is-My-Banner;

Judges 6:24

  • AKJV: Then Gideon built an altar there unto the Lord, and called it Jehovah-shalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abi-ezrites.
  • NKJV: So Gideon built an altar there to the Lord, and called it The-Lord-Is-Peace. To this day it is still in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.

Psalm 83:18

  • AKJV: that men may know that thou, whose name alone is JEHOVAH, art the most high over all the earth.
  • NKJV: That they may know that You, whose name alone is the Lord, Are the Most High over all the earth.

Isaiah 12:2

  • AKJV: Behold, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for the Lord JEHOVAH is my strength and my song; he also is become my salvation.
  • NKJV: Behold, God is my salvation, I will trust and not be afraid; ‘For Yah, the Lord, is my strength and song; He also has become my salvation.’”

Isaiah 26:4

  • AKJV: Trust ye in the Lord for ever: for in the Lord JEHOVAH is everlasting strength:
  • NKJV: Trust in the Lord forever, For in Yah, the Lord, is everlasting strength.

Isaiah 38:11

  • AKJV: I said, I shall not see the Lord, even the Lord, in the land of the living: I shall behold man no more with the inhabitants of the world.
  • NKJV: I said, “I shall not see Yah, The Lord in the land of the living; I shall observe man no more among the inhabitants of the world.

I will not add many comments here. The readers may peruse on their own the comparisons and see that the New King James translation made some innovations in the use of Jehovah as compared to the old King James Bible. In places where changes could not be claimed as necessary to update to “modern” language, the NKJV translators changed regardless.

My objections to the NKJV might be summed up in three categories:

  • Text issues. There are some critical text influences on the text and translational choices of the NKJV. In those places the NKJV is closer to the critical text and modern critical text translations than to the KJV.
  • Translation issues. There are changes in places where it cannot be argued that the KJV was hard to understand. The translators and editors changed it anyway – against the stated purpose of the NKJV “that a reader of this edition may follow without confusion a reading of the original edition from the pulpit.”
  • Trust issues. None of the translators of the New King James Bible thought the Textus Receptus was the best Greek text to use for the basis of a New Testament translation. Why should we trust a product that even they did not believe in?

Tuesday, June 06, 2017

LORD, Lord and lord

Question: Why is the word Lord printed in different ways in the Bible? For example, Psalm 38:15 says, “For in thee, O Lord, do I hope: thou wilt hear, O Lord my God.” The first appearance is in capitals and the second starts with a capital letter followed by small letters. What is the reason for this?

Answer: The passage in Psalm 38:15 uses two print styles, but the Bible actually distinguishes the English word “lord” in three different ways. Sometimes it is in “small caps” or all capital letters (Lord or LORD).[i] Sometimes only the first letter is capitalized (Lord). Sometimes all letters are lowercase (lord). Isaiah 19:4 is one verse that uses all three. “And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, the Lord of hosts.” [bold emphasis mine]

The first “lord” in Isaiah 19:4 is a translation of adon, as well as the second “Lord.” The all lowercase spelling “lord” is used of a human lord/master/ruler. “Lord” beginning with a capital letter denotes the use of adon or adonai in reference to God. The third use of “Lord” in Isaiah 19:4 is a translation of the Hebrew word YHWH/Yahweh/ JHVH/Jehovah. So in Psalm 38:15 we have, “For in thee, O Lord [JHVH], do I hope: thou wilt hear, O Lord [Adonai] my God [Elohim].”[ii] In Isaiah 19:4 we have “And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord [Adon] ; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord [Adon], the Lord [JHVH] of hosts.”

This original language name in Isaiah 19:4 can be illustrated with The Names of God Bible (© 2011 by Baker Publishing Group). It transliterates[iii] “the Lord, the Lord of hosts” as “Adonay Yahweh Tsebaoth.”

So the general rule of usage in the Old Testament is:
  • lord (all lowercase) – a human master or ruler
  • Lord (capital followed by lowercase) – the divine master or ruler, God
  • Lord (small caps or uppercase) – God, translating his name Jehovah or Yahweh (or the shortened form Jah or Yah)
Disclaimer: This is a general rule, but there are exceptions to the rule.

History
The name “Tetragrammaton” (four letters) refers to the four Hebrew letters יהוה‎ name for God,[iv] now most commonly transliterated into Latin letters as YHWH. According to Jewish practice the Tetragrammaton was not pronounced but read aloud as Adonai or Elohim. This practice was transferred into translations of the Bible, and hence our English typography Lord was generally used to designate the Tetragrammaton, i.e. JHVH or Jehovah. There are a few exceptions that necessitated its use – in English (usually) as “Jehovah.”[v] The King James Bible has 4 such exceptions (Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, and Isaiah 26:4).[vi]

Usage
According to The KJV Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon[vii] at Bible Study Tools, King James Bible word usage of YHWH totals 6519 – Lord 6510, God 4, JEHOVAH 4,[viii] variant 1.

According to The KJV Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon at Bible Study Tools, King James Bible word usage of Jah/Yah (a shortened form of YHWH/Jehovah) totals 49 – Lord 48, JAH 1.

According to The KJV Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon at Bible Study Tools, King James Bible word usage of adonai totals 434 – Lord 431, lord 2, God 1.

According to The KJV Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon at Bible Study Tools, King James Bible word usage of adon totals 335 – lord 197, master(s) 105, Lord 31, owner 1, sir 1.

New Testament

The common words in the New Testament are Lord for kurios (κυρίος) and God for theos (θεὸς).

I hope this helps, and I hope the small caps formatting turns out OK on the blog!


[i] This may vary according to the printer – especially for individuals – but the usual print style is what is called “small caps”. Small caps typography (small capitals) is short uppercase/capital letters designed to substitute for and blend with lowercase text. In the practice of spelling Lord in the Bible, this begins with one full uppercase or capital letter (L), followed by three “small caps” (ord). Printers unable to use small caps typography will use all capitals instead (LORD).
[ii] In the Old Testament when “God” is used, it is usually (though not always) a translation of the Hebrew word “Elohim.”
[iii] Transliterate: to change (letters, words, etc.) into corresponding characters of another alphabet or language.
[iv] Jod (י), He (ה), Vau (ו), He (ה) in the King James Bible – see Psalm 119 headings for the transliteration of the letters.
[v] It has been transferred into English as Jehovah, Yahweh, Yehowah, and various other ways.
[vi] Isaiah 26:4 Trust ye in the Lord for ever: for in the Lord [JAH] JEHOVAH [YHWH] is everlasting strength:
[vii] The Hebrew lexicon is Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon.
[viii] Not counting the cases in Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15 and Judges 6:24.