More John Leland

Captain Abner Lee, who lived near Lyme, Massachusetts, would have meetings in his house. He would bring in seats and a moveable pulpit. On one occasion he had Elder John Leland preach in his house, Captain Lee “said to Mr. Leland, ‘I do not know as you can put up with our wooden pulpit.’ He made no reply, but began his meeting. After preaching a while, he had occasion to notice the preaching the people had in old times; and noticed the difference between that and the popular doctrines of the day in which he lived. ‘In the days of the apostles, said he, they had wooden pulpits and golden preaching but now they have golden pulpits and wooden preaching. Give me a wooden pulpit and golden preaching, rather than golden pulpits and wooden preaching!”

From The Life, Conversion, Preaching, Travels, and Sufferings of Elias Smith, p. 227

John 13:1-17, Matthew Henry

What follows is four points on John 13:1-17, by the old English commentator Matthew Henry. In the past I have referred to these points by Henry for teaching/preaching on this passage. I believe they are helpful, and share them here for your edification.

I. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might give a proof of that great love wherewith he loved them; loved them to the end, vs. 1-2.

II. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might give an instance of his own wonderful humility, and show how lowly and condescending he was, and let all the world know how low he could stoop in love to his own. This is intimated, vs. 3-5.

III. Christ washed his disciples’ feet that he might signify to them spiritual washing, and the cleansing of the soul from the pollutions of sin. This is plainly intimated in his discourse with Peter upon it, vs. 6-11

IV. Christ washed his disciples’ feet to set before us an example. This explication he gave of what he had done, when he had done it, vs. 12-17.

Search After Happiness

I found the following in some old files, which I apparently wrote in June of 2020.

The Search After Happiness

The following hymn is an excerpt from A Search After Happiness: A Pastoral in Three Dialogues, written by “A Young Lady” (Hannah More), in 1762/1773.[1] In the second edition, the title was changed to The Search After Happiness: A Pastoral Drama, and this portion of the poem was expanded to seven 4-line stanzas.[2] The poem/hymn as used in The Sacred Harp and other shape-note books has some word changes, and only six stanzas (the third stanza is not used).

In later printings, the “Preface” explains the purpose of the “Pastoral Drama”:

The object of the following Poem, which was written in very early youth, was an earnest wish to furnish a substitute for the very improper custom, which then prevailed, of allowing plays, and those not always of the purest kind, to be acted by young Ladies in boarding schools. And it has afforded a serious satisfaction to the Author to learn that this little Poem, and likewise the Sacred Dramas, have very frequently been adopted to supply the place of those more dangerous amusements. If it may be still happily instrumental in promoting a regard to Religion and Virtue in the minds of young persons, and afford them an innocent, and perhaps not altogether unuseful, amusement in the exercise of recitation, the end for which it was originally composed, and the author’s utmost wish in its re-publication, will be fully answered.

In the drama this portion is sung by the character Florella, a young shepherdess.

1. While beauty and youth are in their full prime,
And folly and fashion affect our whole time;
O let not the phantom our wishes engage,
Let us live so in youth that we blush not in age.
 
2. The vain and the young may attend us a while,
But let not their flattery our prudence beguile;
Let us covet those charms that shall never decay
Nor listen to all that deceivers can say.
 
3. I sigh not for beauty, nor languish for wealth,
But grant me, kind Providence, virtue and health;
Then richer than kings, and far happier than they,
My days shall pass swiftly and sweetly away.
 
4. For when age steals on me, and youth is no more,
And the moralist Time shakes his glass at my door,
What pleasure in beauty or wealth can I find?
My beauty, my wealth, is a sweet peace of mind.
 
5. That peace! I’ll preserve it as pure as ’twas given
Shall last in my bosom an earnest of heaven;
For Virtue and Wisdom can warm the cold scene,
And sixty can flourish as gay as sixteen.
 
6. And when I the burden of life shall have borne,
And death with his sickle shall cut the ripe corn,
Reascend to my God without murmur or sigh,
I’ll bless the kind summons, and lie down and die.

The third stanza that Florella sings is:

How the tints of the rose, and the jess’mine’s perfume,[3]
The eglantine’s fragrance, the lilac’s gay bloom,
Tho’ fair and tho’ fragrant, unheeded may lie,
For that neither is sweet when Florella is by.

This is the stanza not used in songbooks. The other six stanzas are used with the tune Morality, number 136 in The Sacred Harp. It is in other shape-note tune books as well, such as The Southern Harmony. It can be found on YouTube sung at Waycross Primitive Baptist Church.

Hannah More was born February 2, 1745 in the village of Fishponds in Gloucestershire. She was a daughter of Jacob and Mary Grace More. He was a schoolmaster. She was taught by her father, then attended a girls’ school of her oldest sister Mary. Hannah later taught at the school, and wrote A Search After Happiness circa 1762.[4] She left teaching and earned most of her living through writing. After a religious conversion she became close friends of John Newton and& William Wilberforce. She was one of the most successful writers of her time. She died September 7, 1833 and is buried at All Saints Churchyard in Somerset, England.

---

[1] A Search After Happiness: A Pastoral in Three Dialogues, A Young Lady, Bristol: S. Farley, 1773, pp. 30-31. The “Advertisement” in the Google version purported to be printed in 1773 strongly suggests that this is the first printed/book version of A Search After Happiness.
[2] The first printed version had 26 lines rather than 28 lines.
[3] The first version appears to have jessamine (jess’mine’s), while later versions change this to “jasmine.”

[4] The scan of the book at Google Books does not have a date printed, but it is believed to be from around 1762. However, Google Books dates it as 1766.

Going nowhere

“How many times we have heard a Preacher announce a text, and then immediately depart from it on an excursion over land and sea, and never come back to the text again. When the sermon is over we feel like saying what Mandy said to Sam after he had ridden the merry-go-round at the circus for one solid hour: ‘Sam, you’ve been gone an hour and spent a whole dollar, but you ain’t been nowhere!’ My father used to tell of a deacon who slipped a note on the preacher’s pulpit saying ‘Stick to your text—and some of it will stick to us.’ To advertise a text and then ignore it is fraudulent advertising!”

M. R. DeHaan, Bread For Each Day, Zondervan, 1962, June 30

Far From My Thoughts

THIS LINK contains a recording of Emily Creel leading Westford (“Far from my thoughts, vain world begone”) at the Rusk County Singing Convention. In addition to the thoughts of the hymn and its meaning, I also have pleasant memories of our friend Leon Ballinger loving and often leading this song.

The words are by Isaac Watts, and remind us of our delight in worshipping our Lord Jesus Christ – generally, in church, and in singings. Watts originally called it “The enjoyment of Christ; or, Delight in worship.” Daniel Read used three stanzas of it with his tune Westford. There are three more stanzas not used with the tune, which I print below the three that go with it. May this wonderful song always serve as a reminder to us that when we sing, we are delighting in worship!

1. Far from my thoughts, vain world, begone!
Let my religious hours alone:
Fain would mine eyes my Saviour see;
I wait a visit, Lord, from thee.

2. My heart grows warm with holy fire,
And kindles with a pure desire;
Come, my dear Jesus! from above,
And feed my soul with heavenly love.

3. Blest Jesus, what delicious fare!
How sweet thine entertainments are?
Never did angels taste, above,
Redeeming grace and dying love.

The trees of life immortal stand,
In flourishing rows, at thy right hand,
And in sweet murmurs, by their side,
Rivers of bliss perpetual glide.

Haste then, but with a smiling face,
And spread the table of thy grace;
Bring down a taste of fruit divine,
And cheer my heart with sacred wine.

Hail, great Immanuel, all divine,
In thee thy Father’s glories shine;
Thou brightest, sweetest, fairest One,
That eyes have seen or angels known.

The above hymn is Hymn 15 in Book Two of Hymns and Spiritual Songs (1707). Watts also has a “Part the second” with six more stanzas on the topic. It is Hymn 16.

7. Lord, what a heaven of saving grace,
Shines through the beauties of thy face,
And lights our passions to a flame!
Lord, how we love thy charming Name!

8. When I can say, my God is mine,
When I can feel thy glories shine,
I tread the world beneath my feet,
And all that earth calls good or great.

9. While such a scene of sacred joys
Our raptured eyes and souls imploys,
Here we could sit, and gaze away
A long, an everlasting day.

10. Well, we shall quickly pass the night
To the fair coasts of perfect light;
Then shall our joyful senses rove
O’er the dear object of our love.

11. There shall we drink full draughts of bliss,
And pluck new life from heavenly trees:
Yet now, and then, dear Lord, bestow
A drop of heaven on worms below.

12. Send comforts down from thy right hand,
While we pass through this barren land,
And in thy temple let us see
A glimpse of love, a glimpse of thee.

Missions and Anti-Missions

Some people will not allow themselves to believe there is a distinction between being for preaching the gospel and starting churches (missions) and being against mission boards and mission societies. This Southern Baptist pastor studied Daniel Parker and recognized the difference. He concluded:

“When Daniel Parker died on December 3, 1844, after ten years in Texas, he had successfully demonstrated that his opposition was directed not against missions but against the mission society.” 

“Daniel Parker: Politician, Baptist, and Anti-Mission Missionary,” Max Lee (Pastor, First BC, Winnsboro, LA). The Journal of Texas Baptist History, Volume VI, 1986, William L. Pitts, Editor. Texas Baptist Historical Society, p. 8

A traveling church

Another church on the move

Excerpt from “Baptists of Denton County to Hold Golden Jubilee Celebration,”

Denton Record-Chronicle, Wednesday, May 27, 1936, page 2

A Next-World Bible

“Modern inerrantist evangelicals such as myself should adjust our expectations about the preservation of Scripture to what God actually did with the text of the Hebrew Bible rather than insisting on a level of jot-and-title perfection that God seems to have reserved for the next world.”

The comment above is by Mark Ward and is found in The Authority of the Septuagint (p. 181). What a strange view! It relegates the perfection of a trustworthy Bible to two times that it does no good for most Christians and churches; when it was hot off the press, so to speak, and when we all get to heaven. For now, we just have to make do with not knowing which words in the Bible are correct.

While we walk the pilgrim pathway,
Flaws oft overspread the Bible;
But when studying days are over,
Not an error, all perfect type!

When we all get to heaven,
What a day of rejoicing that will be!
When we have jot-and-tittle perfection
We’ll have the perfect Bible that we need!

Nah, I think I will keep my expectations for the high standard of God preserving his word, even if I do not have all the answers.

Cottonpickin’ hands

Do not assume you know the conclusion if you do not read the entire post.

The extent of folks rewriting history and “playing the race card” has become a wearisome but regular part of “politics as usual.” When everything is about race, eventually nothing is about race. Enter a discussion between radio host Rich Herrera and Virginia Representative Jen Kiggans about U. S. House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries inserting himself into a state of Virginia problem. Hakeem Jeffries lives in New York and represents New York in the U. S. House of Representatives. Herrara suggested that if Jeffries wants to be involved in Virigina politics, he should move to Virginia and run for office. He continued, “If not, get your cottonpickin’ hands off of Virginia.” Kiggans agreed with this sentiment.[i]

The condemnation was swift and brutal, with Democrats asserting that Jen Kiggans should “apologize and resign” – for something she did not even say. Elaine Luria sang a high harmony part, claiming, “The racist comments proudly endorsed today by Jen Kiggans warning House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries to ‘Get your cotton-picking hands off of Virginia’ are disgusting and beneath any elected official. I grew up in the South. I know what these racist dog whistles mean.” I did a little checking. Reperesentative Luria did grow up in the South, but that doesn’t make her any kind of expert on this subject. Her age, where she lived, that she attended a private school – and the content of what she said – makes me initially think that she does not know anything about picking cotton (or probably farming in general).

Unfortunately, Kiggans partly bought the lie. After complaining about the Democrats divisive tactics, she said, “The radio host should not have used that language and I do not — and did not — condone it. It was obvious to anyone listening that I was agreeing Hakeem Jeffries should stay out of Virginia.”

There is nothing wrong with “cottonpickin’ hands” and nothing specifically racist about the term “cottonpickin’ hands.” In the particular context, this is political theatre. If there are any racists likely involved – the real racists are the ones who apply their own prejudice in assuming that only black Americans picked cotton.

I expect the people who are most “enraged” by this actually know nothing about picking cotton (and probably could care less). Cotton was the “cash crop” of our Rusk County community. The children of all farming families picked cotton. “Cotton-pickin’ hands” was a common expression.[ii] It had nothing to do with the color of the person whose hands were picking cotton. The origin relies on the state of what the hands looked like after a day of picking cotton (often dirty, cut, and bleeding). It was a common rebuke for children. We were told, “Get your cottonpickin hands out of that,” or “Keep your cottonpickin hands off of that.” This is not to say that no one might or could use it with a racist connotation, but simply to acknowledge the fact that it is not inherently racist. Even if you believe the origins were racist – which requires accepting that prejudice that only black Americans picked cotton – it is still a silly accusation, like claiming the atheist who just told you good-bye has just turned into a theist because the origin of “good-bye” is “God be with you.”

Politicians are gonna politic, and I don’t suppose there is any cure for that! For Christians, I think we can “one another” from two directions.

• On the one hand, don’t “make a man an offender for a word” (Isaiah 29:21). If someone does not mean something offensive, don’t take it as or make it offensive.[iii]
• On the other hand, if a thing that is innocuous and allowable “make my brother to offend” (1 Corinthians 8:13), we can choose to leave it off as a matter of liberty.[iv]

Provoked partisan politicians should not be our examples. Brothers and sisters in Christ working together in love on the two suggestions above will likely come out alright in the end.

---

[i] And so do I. There is far too much outside meddling in the internal politics and policies of states. And it is not just a Democrat problem. Republicans do it too. Additionally, heating this up as a race issue exposes the weak overall position of the opposers of the Virginia Supreme Court ruling.
[ii] “Picking cotton” (as opposed to pulling the bolls) consisted of picking the cotton out of the boll as opposed to pulling the boll off the plant, with sharp hard edges often scraping and cutting the picker’s hands and fingers. “Cottonpickin hands” usually developed some calluses over time. In explaining the terminology, Michael Schwarz wrote, “The slang adjective ‘cottonpickin’ means ‘damned’ or ‘confounded.’ No sane person in 2026 believes that it has anything to do with the enslaved people who harvested the cash crop of the antebellum South.” I think Schwarz makes two mistakes. First, in seeming to accept that only enslaved people picked cotton in the antebellum South. Second, in relying solely on Dictionary.com for his definition. As someone who grew up regularly hearing the expression, and accepting that it is a euphemism, I do not think people necessarily meant “damned” or “confounded.” Probably more often it was considered an intensifier of dirty or defiled. Another colloquial saying derived from cotton-picking culture is “fair to middling” – a quality grading of cotton (middling being the average). This became a general expression for something that was average, sort of okay but not that great – and also for how a person feels. Another more general farm colloquialism meaning roughly the same as “cotton-pickin’ hands” is “pea-pickin hands.”
[iii] “Just because you are offended doesn’t mean that you’ve been wronged,” Keith Foskey
[iv] In this, I mean things that we are at liberty to do or not do (such as eating meat, in the context of 1 Corinthians 8). When it comes to obeying God, we must obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29) – regardless of who might be offended. Let us carefully judge our motives in all things.

Honour thy father and thy mother

“Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee.”

Jehovah God, in Exodus 20:12

“Even if your parents share values and views and a world view you do not have, you are biblically obligated to honour them; which means to spend time with them and to love on them, and to go visit them.

“You will cease to have a strong country, America, if we do not have kids honouring their parents.

“The closer that you stay with your parents, even though you have disagreements, the better you will be and your nation will be.” 

Charlie Kirk

The sinner

The following is Hymn XXXVIII in Hymns, &c. Composed on Various Subjects, by Joseph Hart (London: J. Everingham, 1759, pp. 54-56). The hymn does not have a title, but is preceded by a verse of scripture.

This is a faithful Saying, and worthy of all Acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the World to save Sinners... 1 Tim. i. 15.

1. When Adam by transgression fell,
And conscious, fled his Maker’s face,
Linked in clandestine league with hell,
He ruined all his future race:
The seeds of evil once brought in,
Increased; and filled the world with sin.

2. This lurking leaven ferments the mass.
All nature’s sick; creation’s spoiled;
Each sin-infected sire, alas!
Begets the sin-infected child.
Thus propagation spreads the curse:
And man, born bad, grows worse and worse.

3. But lo! the second Adam came,
The serpent’s subtle head to bruise;
He cancels his malicious claim,
And disappoints his devilish views;
Ransoms poor prisoners with his blood,
And brings the sinner back to God.

4. To understand these terms aright,
This grand distinction should be known:
Though all are sinners in God’s sight,
There are but few so in their own.
To such as these our Lord was sent;
They’re only sinners, who repent.

5. What comfort can a Saviour bring
To those who never felt their woe?
A sinner is a sacred thing;
The Holy Ghost has made him so.
New life from him we must receive,
Before for sin we rightly grieve.

6. Let the self-righteous hence beware,
Lest he this great salvation scorn.
Let every careless soul take care;
For they that laugh shall one day mourn.
High-flying lights, learn hence to stoop;
Dry knowledge only puffs men up.

7. This faithful saying let us own,
(Well worthy ’tis to be believed)
That Christ into the world came down,
That sinners might by him be saved.
Sinners are high in his esteem,
And sinners highly value him.

Joseph Hart (1712-1768) was a teacher, an independent evangelical minister, and a hymn writer. Hart is well-known is some circles, but not that well known among English-speaking Christians in general. In the spring of 1759, he published 119 “hymns, etc.” in his book Hymns, &c. Composed on Various Subjects. This work included “a Preface, containing a Brief Account of the Author’s Experience, and the Great Things that God hath done for his Soul.” His hymns are full of grace, passion, and Christian experience. A few of Hart’s hymns have achieved general acceptance; his most popular is likely that which begins “Come, ye sinners, poor and wretched, weak and wounded, sick and sore.” Most of Hart’s hymns are reprinted in William Gadsby’s A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship (this hymn is #89). Peter C. Rae has an article on “Joseph Hart and His Hymns” in the Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology.

Joseph Hart died at age 56, on May 24, 1768, and was buried in the Bunhill Fields Burial Ground in London.

I have not seen this hymn printed in a book with music. I suggest two tunes with the L.P.M. metrical pattern, from the The Sacred Harp 2012 Cooper Edition: Vernon (416b) by Amzi Chapin and Edwards (197) by H. S. Woodard.[i]

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[i] Vernon is a variant or arrangement of Farewell Hymn by Jeremiah Ingalls (The Christian Harmony, 1805). Henry Stephen “Steave” Woodard (1861-1945) was born in South Carolina, but lived most of his life in southeast Alabama. He wrote or arranged Edwards for the 1902 revision of The Sacred Harp by W. M. Cooper.

Some people want to serve, and other quotes

The posting of quotes of human authors does not constitute agreement with either the quotes or their sources. (I try to confirm the sources that I give, but may miss on occasion; please verify if possible.)

“Some people want to serve God part-time, but want to be blessed full-time.” -- James Bell, Jr.

“The locks of Scripture are only to be opened with the keys of Scripture.” -- Charles Spurgeon

“A prayer doesn’t have to be long, as long as it is strong.” -- Amos L. Horton

“Jonah disobeyed God and ended up in a whale. Peter obeyed God and ended up in a jail.” -- Amos L. Horton

“A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right.” -- Thomas Paine

“If you can’t see spiritually, you can’t pray properly.” (Cf. 2 Kings 6:15-17) -- Mike Matlock

“Time makes more converts than reason.” -- Thomas Paine

“You can’t out-preach your character.” -- Amos L. Horton

“Through the blood of Christ, you can get over what the Devil puts you under.” -- Joe Arthur

“Does your church submit to the Bible, or does your church expect the Bible to submit to them?” -- Keith Foskey

“For as the sun darts its beams upon a dunghill, and yet is no way defiled by it; so God decrees the permission of sin...yet is not the author of sin.” -- Thomas Boston

“Our hope is anchored in the past, because Jesus rose; our hope is guaranteed in the present, because Jesus lives; and our hope is assured for the future, because Jesus is coming.” -- Alistair Begg

I’ve Been Everywhere

...in Rusk County.

[Intro]

I was totin’ my pack along the dusty old Jones Lake Road

When along came a pickup truck with-a-out any load.

“If you’re goin’ anywhere in Rusk County, Mack, with me you can ride”

And so I climbed into the cab and then I settled down inside.

He asked me if I’d seen a road with so much dust and sand,

And I said, “Listen, I’ve traveled every road in this county’s land.”

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Crossed the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 1]

I’ve been to old Gould, New Salem, Moss Temple,

Mt. Zion, Zion Hill, Pleasant Hill, fairly simple; 

Red Level, Smith Chapel, Harmony Hill, Leverett’s Chapel

Chapel Hill, Craig, Grandview, Jacobs, Crim’s Chapel.

Holley Spring, Springfield, Chinquapin, Gourd Neck,

Stringtown, Stewart, Turnertown, Prospect, don’t object!

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Cross the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 2]

I’ve been to Brachfield, Pine Hill, Church Hill, Eulalie,

Millville, Laneville, maybe even San Cosme;

Church Hill, Laird Hill, Chalk Hill, Caledonia,

Anadarko, Monroe, Shiloh, but not California!

Mayflower, Minden, McKnight, Striker Lake,

Shakerag, Cherokee & Martin Lake, for Pete’s sake.

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Cross the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 3]

I’ve been to Sulphur Springs, Big Spring, Union Spring, Pleasant Grove,

Sweetgum, Tatum, Mooretown, Irbyville, Valley Grove;

Roquemore, Greasy Kitchen, Gray Hill, Watt Hill,

Oak Hill, Oak Flat, Sand Flat, Sand Hill, what a thrill.

Gaston, Overton, Henderson, New London, even

Pone, Pirtle, Pitner’s Junction, see what I mean-a?

[Chorus]

I’ve been everywhere, man

I’ve been everywhere, man

Crossed the hills and hollers, man

I’ve breathed Mount Enterprise air, man

Of travel I’ve a-had my share, man

I’ve been everywhere.

[Verse 4]

I’ve been to Arlam, New Salem, Buford, Fairview

Bryce & Price, Carlisle, Concord, Bellview,

Easton, Egypt, Frog Pond, and Glenfawn

Ebenezer, Mansinger, Dewey, and Compton.

New Hope, Good Hope, Good Springs, Gum Springs,

Crossroads, Rhodes, Sexton City, Selman City, what a pity.

When it comes to traveling Rusk County, Texas, I’ve been everywhere…

Baptism and Church Communion

“To the Christian reader. 

“When it pleased God, of his free Grace, to cause me to make a serious inquiry after Jesus Christ, and to give me some taste of his pardoning Love, the sense of which did engage my heart with desires to be obedient to his will in all things, I used all indeavers both by Converse with such as were able, and also by diligently searching the Scriptures, with earnest desires of God, that I might be directed in a right way of Worship; and after some time concluded, that the safest way was to follow the Footsteps of the Flock (namely) that Order laid down by Christ and his Apostles, and practiced by the Primitive Christians in their times; which I found to be, that after Conversion they were Baptized, added to the Church, and continued in the Apostles’ Doctrine, Fellowship, Breaking of Bread, and Prayer; according to which I thought my self bound to be Conformable. And having continued in the Profession of the same for these forty years, although through many Weaknesses, and Fears, Temptations, and Sufferings, yet not without some Witness from God of his gracious Acceptance and Strength to this very day: The sense I have of my own Weakness and Inability, would have been a Bar to me to appear in this Publick way, did I not see a necessity lying upon me for the Truth’s sake, and the sakes of many, by reason of some that have lately risen up to weaken, if not to make void, that great Ordinance of Baptism, by indeavouring to maintain, that all persons that Believe, although they never did, nor do Practice the same, may partake of the Ordinance of the Lord’s Supper, and all other Gospel instituted Duties.”

A Sober Discourse of Right to Church-Communion, William Kiffin, 1681 [“…we dare not break that Rule and Order by which we find the Primitive Saints walkt…” (pp. 130-31)]

Christopher Yetzer on Inspiration, Preservation, and Translation

By Christopher Yetzer, Baptist Missionary in Milan, Italy. (Used by permission.)

1. Inspiration

• 1. I affirm that God sovereignly inspired His words exactly as He intended (2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Pet. 1:21). Inspiration rests in God’s act, not in my understanding of the process.

2. Preservation

• 2. I affirm that God has preserved His inspired words, as Scripture promises (Ps. 12:6–7; Isa. 40:8; Matt. 24:35).
• 3. Preservation means that God’s words remain accessible to His people and have not been lost to history.

3. Progressive Access in History

• 4. I recognize that not every believer in every generation possessed the entirety of Scripture (e.g., Old Testament saints did not have the New Testament; early churches did not immediately possess the complete canon).
• 5. Therefore, preservation does not require identical distribution in every era, but faithful transmission within God’s redemptive plan.

4. Recognition, Not Private Revelation

• 6. I believe Christ’s sheep hear His voice (John 10), meaning believers are enabled by the Spirit to recognize and receive God’s Word—not to generate new revelation.
• 7. I believe I possess God’s preserved Word today and can receive it with confidence.

5. The Textual Foundation

• 8. I believe the Old Testament is most faithfully preserved in the traditional Hebrew Masoretic text, and the New Testament in the historic Greek manuscript tradition received by the church.
• 9. Textual questions should be approached from this preservation framework rather than from a skepticism toward the text itself.

6. Translation

• 10. I believe God’s words can be accurately translated into other languages.
• 11. Accuracy does not always require word-for-word literalism but faithful representation of meaning and structure.
• 12. Changes in language over time (e.g., “ass” to “donkey”) do not necessarily constitute doctrinal or textual corruption.

7. Principles for a Translation

• I believe a faithful translation should aim for:
• 13. Accuracy — conveying the meaning of the original text faithfully.
• 14. Authority — broad ecclesiastical acceptance and proven use.
• 15. Beauty and dignity — language fitting for public worship and reverence.
• 16. Comprehensiveness — capable of expressing the full theological depth of the original languages.
• 17. Unity — promoting doctrinal and congregational stability where possible.

8. Application to English

• 18. For English-speaking believers, I believe these principles converge most fully in the King James Version.
• 19. I desire similar faithfulness, clarity, dignity, and unity in translations for other languages.

My confidence in a translation rests not on private spiritual impression alone, but on its historical continuity, textual foundation, doctrinal faithfulness, and long-standing use among believers.

Notes.

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I think this very well represents the truth, and with which I understand and agree. Generally there is the modern evangelical denial of preservation as a biblical doctrine. More a “oh, what we have is just what happened to survive to the present” kind of preservation.

I believe the best preservation of biblical faith and practice occurred to a large degree underground during the ascendancy of the “hierarchical church” (Roman Catholics and Greek Orthodox) from say the 500s to the Reformation. Both the people and the words of the Lord have been preserved. I see the Catholics and Orthodox as being heretical, and the truth generally preserved in persecuted bands of believers. (Not that no truths were preserved among the Catholics and Orthodox, but when they “hereticize” the doctrine of salvation outside of grace through faith, they have lost the plot.)

Jacob leaning upon his staff

Hebrews 11:21 By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff.

“and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff; not that he worshipped the top of his staff, as the Vulgate Latin version renders it, either his own, or Joseph’s, or any little image upon the top of it; which would be an instance of idolatry, and not faith, contrary to the scope of the apostle; nor is there any need to interpret this of civil worship and respect paid to Joseph, as a fulfilment of his dream, and with a peculiar regard to Christ, of whom Joseph was a type; whereas, on the contrary, Joseph at this time bowed to his father, as was most natural and proper, Gen. xlviii. 12 nor is there any necessity of supposing a different punctuation of Genesis xlvii. 31 and that the true reading is not Mittah, a bed, but Matteh; a staff, contrary to all the Targums^f, and the Talmud^g, which read Mittah, a bed, seeing it is not that place the apostle cites or refers to; for that was before the blessing of the sons of Joseph, but this was at the same time; and the apostle relates what is nowhere recorded in Genesis, but what he had either from tradition, or immediate revelation; or else he concludes it from the general account in Genesis xlviii and the sense is, that Jacob, having blessed the two sons of Joseph, being sat upon his bed, and weak, he leaned upon the top of his staff, and worshipped God, and gave praise and glory to him, that he had lived to see not only his son Joseph, but his seed also, see Gen. xlviii. 2, 11, 20.”

John Gill, An Exposition of the New Testament, Vol. III, 1746, p. 435

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f. Onkelos, Jonathan & Jerusalem in Genesis xlvii .31.
g. T. Bab. Megilla, fol. 16. 2.

The Gospel

Philip Doddridge wrote the following hymn, which is titled “Fruitful Showers, Emblems of the Salutary Effects of the Gospel.” The idea is derived from Isaiah 55:10-12.

For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater: so shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.

1. Mark the soft-falling snow
And the diffusive rain!
To heaven, from whence it fell,
It turns not back again;
But waters Earth through every pore,
And calls forth all its secret store.

2. Arrayed in beauteous green,
The hills and valleys shine,
And man and beast are fed
By providence divine:
The harvest bows its golden ears,
The copious seed of future years.

3. “So,” saith the God of Grace,
“My gospel shall descend,
“Almighty to effect
“The purpose I intend;
“Millions of souls shall feel its power,
“And bear it down to millions more.”

4. “Joy shall begin your march
“And peace protect your ways,
“While all the mountains round
“Echo melodious praise;
“The vocal groves shall sing the God
“And every tree consenting nod.”

This hymn was published posthumously in 1755 in Hymns Founded on Various Texts in the Holy Scriptures, by Job Orton (J. Eddowes and J. Cotton, 1755). It is Hymn CXI and is written in Hallelujah Meter (H. M.). The hymn does not seem to be settled with any one particular tune. It will fit well with Lenox, with which it has been paired at times, as well as Allerton. More recently, shape-note composer Raymond Hamrick arranged a tune named Harvest for this text.

Philip Doddridge (1702–1751) was an English Nonconformist minister and hymnwriter. In addition to his hymns, his published works include The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, The Family Expositor, Three Sermons on the Evidences of the Gospel, Ten Sermons on the Power and Grace of Christ, and A Dissertation on the Inspiration of the New Testament. Doddridge died October 26, 1751, at age 49 while in Lisbon, Portugal. He was buried at the British Cemetery in Lisbon. Well-known hymns written by Philip Doddridge include “Grace ’tis a charming sound,” “Hark, the glad sound, the Saviour comes,” “O God of Bethel, by Whose hand,” and “O happy day, that fixed my choice.”

Liberalism at Southern Seminary

I am not Southern Baptist. I have never been Southern Baptist. I never intend to be Southern Baptist. However, I appreciate that of all the larger and mainline denominations in the United States, it seems only the Southern Baptist Convention has successfully pushed back against theological liberalism in any meaningful way.

In “The Conservative Resurgence and Southern Baptist Seminary,” Mark Terry sheds some personal light on what he experienced during his early tenure as a teacher at Southern Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. It is inconceivable that it had been allowed to get so bad, but perhaps more unbelievable that the conservatives in the SBC were able to oust the liberals from Southern.[i]

A few examples:

“He reported that he was the only student of ten who believed in the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ. The professor himself did not believe in the physical resurrection of Christ.”

“The faculty members who studied at Southern in the 1980s shared experiences from their student days. One reported that he kept a running count of the curse words one professor uttered in class. He stopped counting at 152.”

“…one of the ethics professors often spoke at abortion rights rallies and made pro-abortion statements on local television.”

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[i] I suspect, as happens in most things like this in religion and politics, that some “liberals” turned “conservative” as the tide was turning.

Ethics and Sacred Harp 2

Unethical editorial practices are real and widespread. When a reader recently noticed “undisclosed conflicts of interest in the peer review” of a paper, it set off a chain of events leading to the publisher Frontiers “retracting a batch of 122 articles across five journals.” Examples of other articles expressing such concerns may be found HERE, HERE, and HERE. The last demonstrates that the concerns are not just recent. Universities and/or their libraries such as those at Emory, Flagler, and West Georgia often provide resources about ethics and academic integrity.[i]

As we saw in the previous post yesterday, unethical means “not adhering to proper rules of conduct or standards of a profession.” In the Sacred Harp context, this raises the question, “What are the proper rules of conduct for or standards of revising The Sacred Harp tunebook?”[ii] For help in that regard, we might look at general ethical standards used in business, industry, and education, as well as specific accepted ethical standards used in editorial processes. Finally, considering that The Sacred Harp is a Christian book, reflect on Christian Bible-based ethical standards.[iii]  There is a lot of overlap in the three categories, but it might be helpful to sort them this way. Some general ethical standards may vary according to context, while biblical standards will be objective and absolute.[iv]

General ethical standards found in business, education, etc.

• Avoids any conflict of interest
• Exhibits fairness, impartiality, and neutrality
• Prohibits retaliation
• Provides honesty and integrity
• Refrains from undue influence of familial relationships
• Seeks no unfair advantage
• Shows respect and gains trust
• Shuns secret agendas that conflict with the publicly expressed agenda

Specific ethical standards used in editorial processes

• Allows for corrections and enhancements
• Applies the same standards equally
• Encourages toward improvement
• Maintains proper attribution
• Protects the original intent/substance
• Quashes plagiarism
• Rejects misrepresentation and lack of transparency
• Requires collaboration between parties
• Respects original content and intellectual property

Some Bible-based Christian ethical standards

• Luke 6:31 And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.
• Leviticus 19:11 Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to another.
• Romans 12:9 Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.
• Romans 12:10 ...in honour preferring one another
• Romans 12:16 Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits.
• Romans 12:17 Provide things honest in the sight of all men.
• Proverbs 16:3 Commit thy works unto the Lord, and thy thoughts shall be established.
• Proverbs 20:10 Divers weights, and divers measures, both of them are alike abomination to the Lord.
• Galatians 6:1 Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted.
• Jeremiah 6:16 Thus saith the Lord, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths…
• Colossians 3:16 …teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.

To answer the question “What are the proper rules of conduct for (or standards of) revising The Sacred Harp tunebook,” we can look for help by considering general ethical standards, specific editorial ethical standards, and Christian Bible-based ethical standards. What is past is past, but we can look to the future with hope. Looking to the future begins with acknowledging past problems, remediating those that can be remediated, and then firmly establishing a goal and will to proceed by nothing less than ethical standards going forward. Let us call for and expect only this.

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[i] For example, Emory expects all employees to avoid actual or perceived conflicts between their personal interests and their responsibilities; to maintain the highest ethical standards in all conduct and decisions; and to avoid retaliation.
[ii] From the beginning of the revealing of the new 2025 Sacred Harp book, the main objections concerned questionable ethics, a premeditated agenda, and the lack of promised impartiality in how the revision played out. Noticeably, the committee denied having a preset agenda. “The committee has no preset agenda other than to produce the best possible revision that will satisfy the singing public for the next 25–30 years.” Revision-Music Committee Status Report, July 2020. At what point does the editing process change from ethical to unethical? Ethical editing allows for and includes minor corrections and enhancements (corrections of typos, errant notes, grammatical mistakes, for example), suggestions for improvement, respect of the original content and context, clarification, proper attribution, and/or informed consent. Unethical editing involves and includes misrepresentation, removing important content and context, lack of transparency, and/or falsifying information. A distinction between ethical and unethical may often depend on whether the editorial changes mislead the audience and distort the truth. One concerned party summed it up this way: “Don’t lie about who wrote the song. Don’t rewrite people’s work without their consent. Don’t treat certain composers with preference in the rewrite process.”
[iii] Speaking in principle, ethical behavior is right for everyone. Nevertheless, the ethical behavior of each one will be based on his or her standards of right and wrong. Acting in ways consistent with one’s view of right and wrong will (or should) for the Jew be based on the understanding of the Old Testament, on the Holy Bible (OT & NT) for the Christian, the Qur’an for the Muslim, the Bhagavad Gita for the Hindu, and so on. (These might have some problematic results when badly mixed!) Since the United States of America is neither Jewish, Christian, Muslim, nor Hindu, the ethics of the U. S. as a nation generally must be based on its Constitution, laws, community standards, etc. – proceeding in ways consistent with those. Since The Sacred Harp is a Christian songbook published in the United States, the ethics of the revising of the songbook should be consistent with not only U. S. standards, but especially consistent with a Christian worldview based on the Holy Bible.
[iv] For example, in a family business, it would not be unethical for the owner to promote his child to the highest-ranking position in the company, while it could be unethical for the CEO of large and diverse corporation to do so.
[v] Considering there was at the least perceived partiality toward insuring the inclusion of non-Christians, we might be reminded of the biblical standard, “Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers” 2 Corinthians 6:14.

Ethics and Sacred Harp 1

unethical, adjective. Not adhering to proper rules of conduct or standards of a profession.

In past posts I have considered unethical practices that occurred in the 2025 revision process of the 1991 Sacred Harp. (For examples, see HERE, HERE, HERE, and HERE.) This brings up the questions, “What are the proper rules of conduct in revising a traditional shape note songbook” and “Have they been followed in the past?” We might question whether, in addition to the present, some things in the past were handled unethically.[i]

Three examples.

There are examples of past odd and/or unethical behavior that perhaps laid the groundwork for present excuse of unethical behavior. These seem to fall in a category of misattribution or false attributions.

A well-known and oft-repeated history of The Sacred Harp is the alto misattributions in the 1911 J. S. James Original Sacred Harp. This book adds alto to some 300 to 400 songs, and attributes them to someone other than the actual composers of these altos.[ii] Ironically, this long-standing affront was finally addressed in the 2025 edition by adding the correct names of alto composers.[iii] 

Another practice of misattribution was the arrangement of songs by old New England composers (such as Abraham Maxim, Samuel Holyoke, and others) either without acknowledgment of the composer or even attribution to Sacred Harp composers/singers.[iv]  

The third oddity is a deliberate misdirection or misattribution by the composer to some other person who did not write the song. This practice has been styled by some as “dedicatory attributions” – that is (evidently) that another person is credited as the composer as honor or dedication. In Makers of The Sacred Harp (p. 82), Warren Steel writes: “There is one additional form of authorship that I have rarely encountered outside the Sacred Harp tradition. A few songs are credited to an individual as a form of tribute or dedication, but are actually composed by another person, perhaps a well-known Sacred Harp composer who already has many tunes to his credit. This has the effect of recognizing a person for his or her service to the cause of Sacred Harp singing by transferring credit for a given song, while modestly reducing the share of songs credited to any one author.”[v]

In consideration.

Perhaps in the past some questionable situations were handled with “kid gloves” (at best, explained discreetly) because of respect for the tradition and respect for those persons who acted unethically.[vi] Into the early 21st-century the standard explanation for the 1911 alto misattributions was how easily two people might write the same alto for a song that already had three parts.[vii] To not straightforwardly deal with issues allows them to fester and get worse – which we see in the latest revision.

Also, we must carefully consider one thing that has changed dramatically in recent times. That one thing is the explosion of the number of people who composed and submitted what they believed were songs in the Sacred Harp style. In the past, to a great degree, the revisers of Sacred Harps have been composers who were adding their new songs to the book. “Our book, our songs,” so to speak. In the 20th century, the nature of the beast, so to speak, was that people who composed and submitted songs were small in number and somewhat limited in a tight circle. That changed a bit with the 1991 revision of the Sacred Harp Publishing Company. Then (I think) there were around 100 songs submitted, according to committee member Raymond Hamrick – from what was probably a pool of about two dozen composers. Contrast this with the 2025 edition, which had 1155 songs submitted that were written by over 200 composers (a large portion of those living composers). Because of this difference, the 2025 revision committee placed a great emphasis on the idea that none of the composers were known to anyone but the committee chairman.[vi]

Thoughts.

I do not think having a book and having a procedure of “it is our book and we will put our songs in it” is unethical. However, to make a pretense of neutrality, equality, and fairness but then actually proceed with “it is our book and we will put our songs in it, and do whatever we want” is unethical. To pretend that one’s agenda is not one’s agenda is unethical. To project that someone who did not write a song wrote the song is unethical. To steal someone else’s song or song idea and then claim it as one’s own is unethical. It is possible that how to revise a Sacred Harp has not been properly marinated in ethical thought.

• Past unethical practices should not provide a pattern for current, ongoing, or future unethical practices.
• Ethical guidelines should be thought out, agreed on, understood, and followed.

To be concluded, Part 2 tomorrow.

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[i] If so, it does not excuse or erase what recently happened.
[ii] A large portion of the alto came especially from the 1902 Revised Sacred Harp by W. M. Cooper. Cooper sued James over the theft, but lost the suit. The loss seems to come over a bad technicality imposed by the judge – yes, James did take altos from Cooper, but the alto part is not so important as to matter legally. Also, the trial was carried out on what might be considered James’s “home turf.”
[iii] In 1991, the revision deleted the references to names of alto composers. Warren Steel acknowledged some of this and recognized some of the composers in Makers of the Sacred Harp.
[iv] Some of the 19th-century cases – particularly the writing down of melodies that were passed along orally – exhibit a different concept of authorship (that is, the person who was capable of putting it in music on paper was considered the author). A few cases seem to be an accidental attribution to the person who submitted (rather than composed) the song. Most of these historical misattributions have been corrected.
[v] Steel notes a few of those in the “Biographical Sketches of the Composers” section of his book (pp. 119, 141, 171). David Wright discusses some of this in “The Variety of Influence: Forms of Craftsmanship in the 1960 Edition,” as does Jesse Karlsberg in “Raymond C. Hamrick’s Contributions to Sacred Harp Singing and Scholarship.”

[vi] None of us are guiltless, generally. The best of men are men at best. All have sinned

[vii] A few close calls, yea. Hundreds of times? No way, Jose! Only the wide-eyed enthusiasts could actually believe that. Or perhaps the ostrich with head buried in the sand.
[viii] Until 1991 there was no pretention of neutrality (as far as I am aware, in other words, “our book, our songs”). In 1991, at the public singing and recording of the songs, all reference to the names of composers was removed. However, it is clear that only the public and not the committee were operating under this constraint, since a committee member mentioned the deliberate intent “to give our northern and western singers an interest in the book to be published.” Additionally, a composer shared with me that one of the committee members told him (at the public singing) that he recognized his songs by his writing style.